Respiratory Pathology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the hallmark characteristic of secondary TB, distinguishing it from primary TB, in terms of patient presentation?

  • Presence of cavitary lesions in the lungs
  • Upper lobe involvement with minimal lower lobe involvement (correct)
  • Absence of hilar lymphadenopathy
  • Development of extrapulmonary manifestations

    • Based on the text, what is the primary mechanism of secondary TB, particularly when it arises decades after initial infection?

  • Reactivation of dormant primary lesions due to waning host resistance (correct)
  • Reactivation of dormant primary lesions due to a new primary infection
  • Reactivation of dormant primary lesions due to reinfection with a large inoculum of bacteria
  • Reactivation of dormant primary lesions due to the development of new immunodeficiency

    • What is the typical size of the initial consolidative lesion associated with secondary TB?

  • Larger than the size of the initial lesion in primary TB
  • Less than 2 cm in diameter (correct)
  • Between 2 and 5 cm in diameter
  • Greater than 5 cm in diameter

    • How does the degree of immunodeficiency impact the likelihood of extrapulmonary involvement in secondary TB?

    <p>Extrapulmonary involvement is more common in severely immunocompromised individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, how does secondary TB relate to primary TB in terms of the time of occurrence?

    <p>Secondary TB can occur shortly after primary TB or many years later (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of typical carcinoids?

    <p>High mitotic rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of pleural exudate formation?

    <p>Bacterial infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of atypical carcinoid tumors?

    <p>Higher incidence of lymph node and distant metastasis than typical carcinoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Azzopardi effect?

    <p>Basophilic staining of vascular walls due to encrustation by DNA from necrotic tumor cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of small cell carcinoma?

    <p>Areas of necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of carcinoids that metastasize to hilar nodes at presentation?

    <p>5-15% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to cause a malignant pleural effusion?

    <p>Pulmonary infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a histological characteristic of large cell carcinoma?

    <p>Squamous differentiation (B), Gland formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary tuberculosis, what is the initial site of infection?

    <p>Alveolar macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the Ghon complex?

    <p>Cavitation in the lung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Ghon complex undergoing progressive fibrosis and calcification?

    <p>It indicates a successful immune response to the infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does secondary tuberculosis differ from primary tuberculosis in terms of dissemination?

    <p>Secondary TB mainly spreads through the airways, while primary TB spreads through the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased risk of tuberculosis in individuals with HIV?

    <p>HIV weakens the immune system, decreasing the ability to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following histological features is characteristic of progressive primary tuberculosis in immunocompromised individuals?

    <p>Sheets of macrophages with numerous bacilli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference in clinical presentation of tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals with varying degrees of immunocompromise?

    <p>Less severely immunocompromised individuals exhibit apical cavitation, while severely immunocompromised individuals present with disseminated disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fact that secondary tuberculosis often involves erosion of infected tissues into the airways?

    <p>This is a major source of infectivity, allowing the spread of tuberculosis through sputum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the treatment of symptomatic pneumonia in the context of COVID-19 is accurate?

    <p>Immunosuppressive steroids are often prescribed to dampen the exaggerated immune response associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism by which low-dose anticoagulants are beneficial in treating COVID-19?

    <p>They counter the procoagulant state induced by COVID-19, reducing the risk of blood clots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the persistent nature of SARS-CoV-2, making it likely to become an endemic seasonal respiratory infection?

    <p>The emergence of new, more easily transmissible strains like the Omicron variant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'hospital-acquired pneumonias' (nosocomial pneumonias) from other types of pneumonia?

    <p>They are infections that develop in a patient during their hospital stay, rather than being present upon admission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lung abscesses can develop due to a variety of causes. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of lung abscess formation?

    <p>Viral infection leading to localized tissue necrosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the statement "Low-dose anticoagulants improve outcomes, presumably by countering the procoagulant state that is induced by COVID-19"?

    <p>It suggests that COVID-19 can cause blood clots, which can be prevented by low-dose anticoagulants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains like Omicron impact the potential for the virus to become endemic?

    <p>New strains with increased transmissibility make it more likely that the virus will persist and become endemic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common consequence of primary TB infection in otherwise healthy individuals?

    <p>Pulmonary scarring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of tuberculin negativity in an M.tuberculosis-infected patient?

    <p>A marker of weakened immunity and impending severe disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased risk of TB reactivation in patients treated with TNF antagonists?

    <p>Suppression of the inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristically distinguishes progressive primary tuberculosis from the more common outcome of primary infection?

    <p>Lack of a robust CD4+ T-cell response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals is most likely to develop progressive primary TB?

    <p>A patient with a CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Ghon focus?

    <p>The site of the initial bacterial infection in primary tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical anatomical location for the development of a Ghon focus in primary tuberculosis?

    <p>The upper lobe bronchioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that determines whether primary tuberculosis will progress to a more severe form?

    <p>The individual's immune response to the infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a hemothorax?

    <p>It is specifically a collection of whole blood in the pleural cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the right lung hyperlucent and the heart shifted to the left side of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Tension pneumothorax. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding malignant mesothelioma?

    <p>It is predominantly associated with exposure to airborne asbestos. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of chylothorax?

    <p>It involves a pleural collection of milky lymphatic fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of tumor is malignant mesothelioma considered?

    <p>A neoplasm originating from mesothelial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing malignant mesothelioma?

    <p>Occupational exposure to asbestos. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological feature is characteristic of carcinoid tumors?

    <p>Small, rounded, uniform nuclei with moderate cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical implication of chylothorax?

    <p>It implies potential malignancy, usually related to intrathoracic cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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