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Questions and Answers
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system accompanies the bronchial tree and contains de-oxygenated blood?
Which part of the respiratory system accompanies the bronchial tree and contains de-oxygenated blood?
Which lung pathology is characterized by permanent enlargement of the air sacs in the lungs?
Which lung pathology is characterized by permanent enlargement of the air sacs in the lungs?
What is the function of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?
What is the function of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?
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Which part of the respiratory system refers to the site of gas exchange where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream?
Which part of the respiratory system refers to the site of gas exchange where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream?
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In pulmonary vascular disease, which condition involves high blood pressure in the arteries that supply blood to the lungs?
In pulmonary vascular disease, which condition involves high blood pressure in the arteries that supply blood to the lungs?
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What is a major cause of emphysema?
What is a major cause of emphysema?
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Which type of asthma is often triggered by environmental antigens?
Which type of asthma is often triggered by environmental antigens?
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What is a characteristic clinical symptom of chronic bronchitis?
What is a characteristic clinical symptom of chronic bronchitis?
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Which condition is characterized by permanent dilation of airways?
Which condition is characterized by permanent dilation of airways?
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What is a key pathological feature seen in the H & E section of a bronchiole in an asthmatic patient?
What is a key pathological feature seen in the H & E section of a bronchiole in an asthmatic patient?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of emphysema?
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of emphysema?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Anatomy
- The respiratory system consists of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, mouth, oropharynx, and larynx) and the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs)
- The lungs are divided into left and right lobes, with the trachea branching into the right and left main stem bronchi
- The bronchi further divide into bronchioles, which eventually lead to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs
- The pleura is a membrane surrounding the lungs, and the pleural fluid helps to lubricate the lungs and chest cavity
Respiratory Pathology
- Obstructive lung diseases restrict airflow, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis
- Restrictive lung diseases, such as chronic interstitial diseases, reduce lung volume
- Pulmonary vascular disease includes pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary infections include tuberculosis, pneumonia, and COVID-19
- Malignant neoplasms can occur in the lungs
Asthma
- A chronic inflammatory disorder with a hypersensitive airway response to triggers, resulting in episodic bronchoconstriction
- Clinical symptoms: wheezing, dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness
- May be triggered by environmental antigens, respiratory tract infections, exercise, or exposure to cold
- Treatment includes bronchodilators and inhaled steroids
- Types: atopic (allergic), non-atopic (non-allergic), drug-induced, and occupational
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- Smoking is a major cause
- Overlap clinically with chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Emphysema
- Damage and enlargement of airspaces within the terminal portion of the respiratory tree
- Clinical symptoms: dyspnea
- Causes: smoking (acquired), α1-antitrypsin deficiency (genetic)
- Pathophysiology: inflammation, release of proteases, destruction of alveolar walls, and loss of elastic recoil
Chronic Bronchitis
- Chronic irritation to the airway, resulting in persistent cough and mucous production (minimum 3 months, > 2 years)
- Causes: smoking, air pollution
- Pathophysiology: inhaled irritants damage lining of airway, increased mucous secretion, inflammation, and fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
- Permanent dilation of airways due to destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue surrounding the airway
- Caused by obstruction and/or chronic infection
- Clinical symptoms: severe productive cough
- Occurs: congenital/hereditary (e.g., cystic fibrosis), infections (e.g., necrotizing pneumonia), or bronchial obstruction
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Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory pathology and anatomy with a focus on the human lungs, bronchial system, alveoli, and related structures. This quiz covers topics presented by Dr. D. Chugh from the University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry.
