Respiratory Membrane Quiz

The part of a gastric ulcer that is free of tissue damage.

The crucial importance of a large surface area within the digestive system for effective breakdown and absorption of food.

The mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth.

Enormous surface in the small intestine, crucial for absorption.

Large folds in the small intestine.

Finger-like projections in the small intestine.

Tiny projections on the surface of villi.

Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attack the villi.

Inflammation of small pouches lining the digestive tract.

A toxin that chronically activates a channel in the body.

A chloride channel in the body activated by Cholera toxin.

Protein deficiency malnutrition.

Factors affecting gas exchange and oxygen transfer across the respiratory membrane.

A single layer of flattened Type I alveolar cells, responsible for gas exchange.

A single layer of endothelium, surrounding the alveoli and facilitating gas exchange.

Combined structure of the alveolar wall and capillary wall, allowing gas diffusion.

The total area of the alveoli available for oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.

Tendency of a gas to dissolve in a liquid, affecting diffusion rate.

Movement of oxygen from alveoli into the capillaries.

Movement of carbon dioxide from capillaries into the alveoli.

Protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen for transport throughout the body.

A tiny air sac in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

A tiny blood vessel in the lungs that surrounds the alveoli.

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The difference in partial pressure of a gas between two areas, causing movement of molecules.

The difference in pressure of a specific gas between two areas.

The distance that molecules need to travel during diffusion.

A substance produced by type II cells in the alveoli that helps reduce surface tension and keeps alveoli open.

The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases. It's a driving force for gas diffusion, determining the movement of gases between areas of different concentrations.

The difference in partial pressure between two areas drives the movement of gases. Gases will naturally move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure to reach equilibrium.

The partial pressure of nitrogen (N2) in atmospheric air is approximately 600 mm Hg. This is calculated by multiplying the percentage of nitrogen in air (79%) by the total atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg).

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli of the lungs is typically around 100 mmHg. This is higher than the PO2 in the blood, driving oxygen diffusion into the bloodstream.

When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, the PO2 in the alveoli decreases, which is a driving force for more oxygen to move into the bloodstream.

Partial pressure is crucial because it determines the movement and exchange of gases in the lungs and bloodstream. This is essential for delivering oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide.

The body maintains a pressure gradient by constantly replenishing oxygen into the lungs through breathing, and by removing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.

When the partial pressure of a gas is equal between two areas, there is no net movement of that gas. This is called equilibrium.

The concentration of oxygen in blood is approximately 5.20 mmol/liter. This is maintained by the continuous diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream.

The respiratory membrane acts as a barrier between the alveoli and the capillaries. The thickness and surface area of this membrane influence the rate of gas exchange.

The balanced relationship between airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs, ensuring efficient gas exchange.

Narrowed airways in a lung region due to low CO2 concentration. This reduces airflow to that specific region.

Widened airways in a lung region due to high CO2 concentration. Allows for increased airflow to that region.

The amount of blood passing through the blood vessels in a specific lung region.

The movement of air in and out of the lungs, through the airways.

Partial pressure of oxygen, indicating the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood.

Indicates high oxygen levels in the blood, typically in areas of well-ventilated lungs.

Indicates low oxygen levels in the blood, often in areas of poor ventilation or blood flow.

The amount of carbon dioxide present in a specific lung region.

The relaxation of muscle cells in the airways, resulting in dilation and increased airflow.

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

Conditions that disrupt the balance between airflow and blood flow in the alveoli, leading to reduced oxygen uptake. These conditions include bronchoconstriction, poor ventilation, and reduced blood flow to the lungs due to conditions like pulmonary embolism.

Bronchoconstriction narrows the airways, reducing airflow and leading to a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion. This can result in hypoxaemia.

The smooth muscle of the pulmonary arteries can constrict or dilate in response to local factors like oxygen levels. This helps to redirect blood flow to areas of the lung with better ventilation.

Local controls on the pulmonary blood vessels help to ensure that blood is directed to areas of the lung with good ventilation, maximizing oxygen uptake.

In poorly ventilated areas of the lung, blood may not receive sufficient oxygen, resulting in a lower oxygen content compared to blood in well-ventilated areas.

Alveoli have a higher partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) because they are directly exposed to inspired air, while blood entering the lungs has a lower PO2.

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch can cause hypoxaemia because the blood doesn't pick up enough oxygen in the lungs.

The body tries to compensate by redirecting blood flow to better ventilated areas and increasing respiratory rate and depth to improve oxygen intake.