Respiratory Membrane Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the respiratory membrane?

  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)
  • To protect the lungs from infections
  • To produce pulmonary surfactant
  • To filter air before it enters the lungs

    • The diffusion of gas is enhanced by a thick respiratory membrane.

    False

    What two structures make up the respiratory membrane?

    The wall of the alveolus and the wall of the pulmonary capillary.

    Gas exchange occurs by ________ across the respiratory membrane.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the effectiveness of gas diffusion?

    <p>Temperature of the gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors affecting gas diffusion with their descriptions:

    <p>High driving force = Increases the partial pressure gradient Short diffusion distance = Provided by a thin respiratory membrane Pulmonary surfactant = Helps increase compliance Efficient diffusion = Result of the combined factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary surfactant primarily aids in gas exchange directly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor that determines the effectiveness of gas diffusion.

    <p>High driving force for diffusion or short diffusion distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total thickness of the alveolar and capillary walls combined?

    <p>0.5 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only oxygen (O2) needs to dissolve in the alveolar fluid before diffusion occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alveoli are there approximately in the human lungs?

    <p>500 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is approximately ___ times more soluble than oxygen (O2).

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Type I alveolar cells = Flattened cells making up the alveolar wall Haemoglobin = Protein that binds O2 in the blood Capillaries = Encircle the alveoli for gas exchange Alveolar fluid = Lining where gas must dissolve before diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total surface area available for gas exchange in the lungs is approximately 75 m².

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory membrane consists of the ___ wall and the ___ wall.

    <p>alveolar, capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of atmospheric pressure is contributed by nitrogen (N2)?

    <p>79%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total atmospheric pressure is made up entirely of oxygen (O2).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the lungs?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In atmospheric air, the partial pressure of nitrogen is ___ mmHg.

    <p>600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gas with its corresponding role in atmospheric pressure:

    <p>N2 = 79% atmospheric pressure O2 = 21% atmospheric pressure CO2 = Minor component Ar = Inert gas in atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the diffusion of oxygen (O2) when the partial pressures are equal?

    <p>Diffusion stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The partial pressure of a gas contributes to its diffusion force.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for gas diffusion?

    <p>Partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The driving force for gas diffusion in the lungs is maintained through a ___ pressure gradient.

    <p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculated partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2) at sea level (760 mmHg)?

    <p>600 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for increasing the surface area of food in the stomach?

    <p>Mastication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical conditions like Crohn’s disease do not affect the surface area for absorption in the small intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cholera toxin chronically activate?

    <p>CFTR Cl- channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of villi in the small intestine is __________.

    <p>absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disease with its effect on intestinal absorption:

    <p>Diverticulitis = Multiple pouches in the colon Coeliac disease = Blunting of villi Crohn’s disease = Deep ulceration in the bowel Cholera = Fluid loss due to toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for secreting mucous in the intestines?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that occurs due to protein deficiency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem caused by diverticula in the intestines?

    <p>Abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microvilli are found on the __________ of enterocytes.

    <p>apical surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the immune response in coeliac disease?

    <p>Undeamidated gliadin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plicae circularis are small finger-like projections in the large intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major two forms of malnutrition associated with starvation?

    <p>Kwashiorkor and Marasmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is the main factor in facilitating diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane.

    <p>Surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of pepsinogen in the stomach?

    <p>Protein digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following absorption problems with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Diverticulitis = Pouch formations Crohn's disease = Skewed nutrient absorption Coeliac disease = Villi damage Cholera = Fluid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when ventilation is compromised?

    <p>Hypoxaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchoconstriction results in good ventilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventilation-perfusion matching helps to maintain a high level of ____ in the blood.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their effects on ventilation:

    <p>Bronchoconstriction = Poor ventilation Good airflow = Normal PO2 levels Poor ventilation = Hypoxaemia High oxygen blood = Sufficient blood oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding maternal and fetal oxygen levels?

    <p>Fetal oxygen levels are generally lower than maternal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar PO2 levels can drop significantly without causing hypoxaemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological mechanism helps redirect blood vessels in the pulmonary system?

    <p>Local controls on smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When blood passes through the alveoli with a PO2 of 40 mmHg, it indicates ____ oxygen levels.

    <p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does poor ventilation have on oxygen levels?

    <p>Decreased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a lung region when there is a decrease in CO2 concentration?

    <p>Constriction of bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased CO2 concentration leads to the dilation of bronchioles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a greater blood flow than airflow in the lungs?

    <p>It helps balance CO2 in the lung region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When airflow is greater than blood flow, there is _____ of local pulmonary artery smooth muscle.

    <p>contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scenarios with their respective effects:

    <p>Large blood flow = Constriction of local blood vessels Small airflow = Dilation of local airways Large airflow = Contraction of local pulmonary artery smooth muscle Small blood flow = Relaxation of local airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What balance is achieved when CO2 concentration is high in a lung region?

    <p>Larger blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Airway resistance increases when blood flow is greater than airflow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the region with constricted blood flow?

    <p>94 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under conditions of increased blood flow, local airways experience _____ of smooth muscle.

    <p>relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of small blood flow in a lung region?

    <p>Increased airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Membrane

    • The primary purpose of the respiratory membrane is to facilitate gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.
    • The respiratory membrane is made up of two structures: the thin wall of the alveoli and the thin wall of the capillaries.
    • Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the respiratory membrane.
    • The effectiveness of gas diffusion is NOT influenced by the thickness of the respiratory membrane.

    Factors Affecting Gas Diffusion

    • Pulmonary surfactant aids in gas exchange by reducing surface tension in the alveoli, which prevents them from collapsing.
    • Partial pressure gradient is a key factor determining the effectiveness of gas diffusion.
    • The total thickness of the alveolar and capillary walls combined is 0.5 micrometers.
    • Oxygen (O2) needs to dissolve in the alveolar fluid before diffusion occurs.
    • There are approximately 300 million alveoli in the human lungs.
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is approximately 20 times more soluble than oxygen (O2).

    Components of the Respiratory Membrane and Gas Exchange

    • The total surface area available for gas exchange in the lungs is approximately 75 m².
    • The primary function of the alveoli in the lungs is gas exchange.
    • The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar wall and the capillary wall.
    • Nitrogen (N2) contributes 78% of atmospheric pressure.
    • The total atmospheric pressure is NOT made up entirely of oxygen (O2).
    • The typical partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the lungs is 100 mmHg.
    • In atmospheric air, the partial pressure of nitrogen is 593 mmHg.

    Gas Diffusion and Partial Pressure

    • Nitrogen (N2) is the primary component of atmospheric pressure.
    • Oxygen (O2) makes up 21% of atmospheric pressure.
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes 0.04% to atmospheric pressure.
    • Diffusion of oxygen (O2) stops when the partial pressures are equal.
    • The partial pressure of a gas contributes to its diffusion force.
    • The driving force for gas diffusion is the difference in partial pressure between the alveoli and the blood.
    • The driving force for gas diffusion in the lungs is maintained through a pressure gradient.
    • The calculated partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2) at sea level (760 mmHg) is 593 mmHg.

    Intestinal Absorption

    • Plicae circularis, villi, and microvilli are all features that increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption.
    • Cholera toxin chronically activates adenylate cyclase.
    • The main function of villi in the small intestine is absorption of nutrients.
    • Crohn's disease affects the surface area for absorption in the small intestine.
    • Celiac disease triggers the immune response through gluten.
    • Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that occurs due to protein deficiency.
    • Diverticula in the intestines can cause inflammation, pain, and bleeding.
    • Microvilli are found on the apical surface of enterocytes.
    • Plicae circularis are small finger-like projections in the small intestine.
    • The two major forms of malnutrition associated with starvation are marasmus and kwashiorkor.

    Factors Affecting Gas Diffusion

    • The partial pressure gradient is the main factor facilitating diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane.
    • Pepsinogen in the stomach functions as a precursor to pepsin, which breaks down proteins.
    • Lactose intolerance is a condition caused by a deficiency in lactase, leading to lactose malabsorption.
    • Celiac disease is triggered by gluten, leading to damage in the small intestine and malabsorption.
    • Crohn's disease can cause malabsorption due to inflammation and damage in the small intestine.

    Ventilation and Gas Exchange

    • When ventilation is compromised, hypoxia can occur due to decreased oxygen levels in the blood.
    • Bronchoconstriction does NOT result in good ventilation.
    • The normal partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli is 100 mmHg.
    • Ventilation-perfusion matching helps maintain a high level of oxygen in the blood.
    • Asthma can cause airway narrowing and increased airway resistance.
    • Pneumonia causes inflammation in the lungs, leading to decreased gas exchange.
    • Pulmonary embolism blocks blood flow to the lungs, decreasing gas exchange.
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition characterized by airflow limitation and difficulty exhaling.
    • Emphysema causes damage to the alveoli, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.

    Maternal and Fetal Oxygen Levels

    • Maternal and fetal oxygen levels are NEVER equal due to the barrier presented by the placenta.
    • Alveolar PO2 levels can drop significantly without causing hypoxaemia.
    • The hypoxic vasoconstriction mechanism helps redirect blood vessels in the pulmonary system.
    • When blood passes through the alveoli with a PO2 of 40 mmHg, it indicates low oxygen levels.
    • Poor ventilation results in decreased oxygen levels.
    • In a lung region with a decrease in CO2 concentration, bronchoconstriction occurs.
    • Increased CO2 concentration leads to the dilation of bronchioles.

    Ventilation-Perfusion Matching

    • A greater blood flow than airflow in the lungs results in shunting, where poorly oxygenated blood bypasses the alveoli.
    • When airflow is greater than blood flow, there is constriction of local pulmonary artery smooth muscle.
    • When CO2 concentration is high in a lung region, a balance is achieved by constricting blood flow and dilating airways.
    • Airway resistance increases when blood flow is greater than airflow.
    • The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the region with constricted blood flow is lower than in regions with normal blood flow.
    • Under conditions of increased blood flow, local airways experience dilation of smooth muscle.
    • Small blood flow in a lung region results in vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the respiratory membrane and its role in gas exchange. This quiz covers the structures involved, factors affecting diffusion, and the impact of pulmonary surfactant. Enhance your understanding of the respiratory system's functionality.

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