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Questions and Answers
A child presents to the emergency department with dysphagia, drooling, distress, and dysphonia. Based on these symptoms, which condition is most likely?
A child presents to the emergency department with dysphagia, drooling, distress, and dysphonia. Based on these symptoms, which condition is most likely?
- Epiglottitis (correct)
- Bronchiolitis
- Croup
- Pneumonia
A patient is diagnosed with bronchiolitis secondary to RSV. What is the primary pathological mechanism causing respiratory distress in this patient?
A patient is diagnosed with bronchiolitis secondary to RSV. What is the primary pathological mechanism causing respiratory distress in this patient?
- Destruction of alveolar walls leading to air trapping
- Bronchospasm and airway hyperreactivity
- Obstruction of the bronchioles with mucus, debris, and edema (correct)
- Alveolar consolidation due to bacterial infection
A patient with pneumonia develops a collection of pus in the pleural space. Which of the following complications has the patient most likely developed?
A patient with pneumonia develops a collection of pus in the pleural space. Which of the following complications has the patient most likely developed?
- Atelectasis
- Empyema (correct)
- Bronchiectasis
- Pleural effusion
A patient with a known history of asthma presents with severe wheezing, shortness of breath, and is unresponsive to initial bronchodilator treatment. What is the most appropriate immediate intervention?
A patient with a known history of asthma presents with severe wheezing, shortness of breath, and is unresponsive to initial bronchodilator treatment. What is the most appropriate immediate intervention?
A patient with COPD is noted to have a barrel chest, rapid shallow breathing, and wheezing. Which of the following pathophysiological processes is most likely contributing to these findings?
A patient with COPD is noted to have a barrel chest, rapid shallow breathing, and wheezing. Which of the following pathophysiological processes is most likely contributing to these findings?
A child is suspected of having cystic fibrosis. Which diagnostic test would be most helpful in confirming this diagnosis?
A child is suspected of having cystic fibrosis. Which diagnostic test would be most helpful in confirming this diagnosis?
Which of the following medication classes primarily works to reduce both preload and afterload in patients with heart failure by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Which of the following medication classes primarily works to reduce both preload and afterload in patients with heart failure by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
A patient taking digoxin for heart failure presents with nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision with yellow halos around objects. Which of the following actions should the nurse prioritize?
A patient taking digoxin for heart failure presents with nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision with yellow halos around objects. Which of the following actions should the nurse prioritize?
A patient is prescribed an ARNI (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) after being previously treated with an ACE inhibitor. What is the recommended waiting period after discontinuing the ACE inhibitor before initiating the ARNI to prevent adverse effects?
A patient is prescribed an ARNI (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) after being previously treated with an ACE inhibitor. What is the recommended waiting period after discontinuing the ACE inhibitor before initiating the ARNI to prevent adverse effects?
A patient with a history of heart failure is prescribed a loop diuretic. The nurse should educate the patient to be aware of which potential electrolyte imbalance?
A patient with a history of heart failure is prescribed a loop diuretic. The nurse should educate the patient to be aware of which potential electrolyte imbalance?
Flashcards
Epiglottitis
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the airway causing severe symptoms like dysphagia and drooling.
Croup
Croup
Inflammation of large airways leading to stridor and a barky cough, worse at night.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchi, usually viral, with cough and fever symptoms.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia
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Asthma
Asthma
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COPD
COPD
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Status Asthmaticus
Status Asthmaticus
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ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors
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Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis
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Study Notes
Respiratory Infectious Diseases
-
Epiglottitis:
- Cause: Inflammation of the airway
- Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, drooling, difficulty speaking, and distress
- Intervention: Medical emergency, intubation may be required
-
Croup:
- Cause: Inflammation of the large airways
- Symptoms: Stridor (a harsh, high-pitched sound), barking cough, symptoms worsen at night
- Treatment: Cool humidification, steroids, intravenous fluids
-
Bronchitis:
- Cause: Inflammation of the bronchi, often viral
- Symptoms: Cough, malaise (general discomfort), fever, and runny nose
- Treatment: Rest, humidification, antibiotics if caused by bacteria
-
Bronchiolitis:
- Cause: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Pathology: Obstruction in bronchioles due to mucus, debris, and swelling
- Symptoms: Wheezing, crackles, difficulty exhaling
- Intervention: Supportive care
-
Pneumonia:
- Cause: Pathogens multiplying in the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs)
- Symptoms: Crackles in the lungs, coughing, (sputum may contain blood), fever, chest pain
- Complications:
- Atelectasis: Lung collapse, decreased lung sounds
- Empyema: Pus in pleural space, decreased lung sounds
Respiratory Non-Infectious Diseases
-
Upper Airway Obstruction:
- Symptoms: Sweating, rapid heartbeat, anxiety
- Intervention: Prompt airway management
-
Obstructive Sleep Apnea:
- Pathology: Relaxation of airway muscles causing blockage
- Symptoms: Snoring, low blood oxygen levels causing carbon dioxide retention, disrupted sleep
- Management: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), surgery (severe cases)
-
Asthma:
- Pathology: Inflammation and bronchospasm
- Symptoms: Wheezing, decreased lung sounds, non-productive cough
- Treatment: Corticosteroids, bronchodilators
-
Status Asthmaticus:
- Definition: Severe asthma unresponsive to treatment
- Intervention: Intensive care unit (ICU) management, intubation, intravenous steroids, beta-agonists
-
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease):
- Subtypes:
- Emphysema: Reduced lung elasticity leading to air trapping and respiratory acidosis
- Chronic Bronchitis: Long-term inflammation of bronchi resulting in mucus buildup
- Symptoms: Barrel chest, wheezing, rapid/shallow breathing
- Intervention: Smoking cessation, bronchodilators
- Subtypes:
-
Cystic Fibrosis:
- Cause: Genetic mutation causing thick mucus buildup
- Symptoms: Wheezing, non-productive cough, recurring infections
- Diagnostics: Sweat test, genetic testing
Heart Failure: Medication Review
-
Decrease Afterload:
- ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: Block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) reducing blood pressure, and afterload. may cause hyperkalemia, dry cough, hypotension
- ARNI: Wait 36 hours after ACEI use to avoid side effects
-
Decrease Preload:
- Diuretics (Loop and Thiazide): Help remove excess fluid from the body, maintaining potassium balance as needed.
-
Increase Contractility:
- Digoxin: Increases the force of heart contractions; can cause digoxin toxicity with side effects
- Beta Blockers: Block the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), reducing workload and improving ventricular filling.
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Description
Overview of common respiratory infectious diseases, including epiglottitis, croup, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Focuses on causes, symptoms, and interventions for each disease. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the primary cause of Bronchiolitis.
