Nursing Study Guide: Respiratory and Cardiac Disorders PDF
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Saginaw Valley State University
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This document is a study guide for nursing students, covering respiratory and cardiac disorders. It encompasses a range of topics, from infectious diseases like epiglottitis and croup to non-infectious conditions such as asthma and COPD, concluding with a review of heart failure medications.
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Nursing Study Guide: Respiratory and Cardiac Disorders Respiratory: Infectious Diseases Epiglottitis Cause: Inflammation of airway Symptoms: Dysphagia, drooling, dysphonia, distress Intervention: Medical emergency, intubation required Croup Cause: Inflammation of large airway...
Nursing Study Guide: Respiratory and Cardiac Disorders Respiratory: Infectious Diseases Epiglottitis Cause: Inflammation of airway Symptoms: Dysphagia, drooling, dysphonia, distress Intervention: Medical emergency, intubation required Croup Cause: Inflammation of large airways Symptoms: Stridor, barky cough, worsens at night Treatment: Cool humidification, steroids, IV fluids Bronchitis Cause: Inflammation of bronchi, often viral Symptoms: Cough, malaise, fever, rhinitis Treatment: Rest, humidification, antibiotics if bacterial Bronchiolitis Cause: RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) Pathology: Obstruction of bronchioles (mucus, debris, edema), hyperinflation of lungs Symptoms: Wheezing, crackles, difficulty exhaling Intervention: Supportive care Pneumonia Cause: Pathogens multiply in alveoli Symptoms: Crackles, cough (sputum, hemoptysis), fever, chest pain Complications: ○ Atelectasis: Lung collapse → ↓ lung sounds ○ Empyema: Pus in pleural space → ↓ lung sounds Respiratory: Non-Infectious Diseases Upper Airway Obstruction Symptoms: Sweating, tachycardia, anxiety Intervention: Prompt airway management Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathology: Relaxation of airway muscles → blockage Symptoms: Snoring, low oxygen, CO2 retention, disrupted sleep Management: CPAP, surgery (if severe) Asthma Pathology: Inflammation, bronchospasm Symptoms: Wheezing, diminished lung sounds, nonproductive cough Treatment: Corticosteroids, bronchodilators Status Asthmaticus Definition: Severe asthma unresponsive to treatment Intervention: ICU, intubation, IV steroids, beta-agonists COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Subtypes: ○ Emphysema: ↓ elasticity → air trapping → respiratory acidosis ○ Chronic Bronchitis: Long-term inflammation of bronchi → mucus Symptoms: Barrel chest, wheezing, rapid/shallow breathing Intervention: Smoking cessation, bronchodilators Cystic Fibrosis Cause: Genetic mutation → thick mucus Symptoms: Wheezing, nonproductive cough, recurrent infections Diagnostics: Sweat test (↑ salt), genetic testing Heart Failure: Medication Review Decrease Afterload ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: ○ Block RAAS → ↓ preload/afterload ○ Side effects: Hyperkalemia, dry cough, hypotension ARNIs: ○ Wait 36 hours after ACEI before use ○ Side effects: Same as ACEIs Decrease Preload Diuretics: ○ Loop: Excretes all electrolytes ○ Thiazide: Preserves calcium Increase Contractility Digoxin: ○ ↑ contraction force, ↓ heart rate ○ Toxicity: GI upset, yellow halos, arrhythmias Beta Blockers: ○ Block SNS → ↓ workload, ↑ ventricular filling
