chapter 41. quiz 6. Respiratory monitoring: apnea, RR, Tv

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What does respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) quantify?

Changes in blood oxygen levels

Changes in the cross-sectional area of the chest wall and abdominal compartments (correct)

Changes in lung volume

Changes in heart rate

What is the purpose of the two elastic bands in RIP?

To monitor oxygen saturation

To provide a known gas volume

To measure heart rate and blood pressure

To produce independent signals representative of the thoracic and abdominal cross-sectional area (correct)

What is an advantage of using RIP?

It does not require a facemask, LMA, or ETT (correct)

It is only used in pediatric patients

It can only be used in adults

It requires a facemask, LMA, or ETT

What can RIP guide?

Lung-protective ventilation strategies Signup and view all the answers

When may RIP be particularly useful intraoperatively?

When accurate monitoring of VT is required but not possible with the usual anesthesia machine monitors Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of RIP?

It cannot be used during thoracic and abdominal surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with a higher risk of apnea or bradypnea?

Premature birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of central apnea?

Failure of the CNS to drive respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT used as a parameter to detect apnea by current monitors?

Pulse rate Signup and view all the answers

What type of apnea results from upper airway obstruction?

Obstructive apnea Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT commonly associated with a risk of apnea or bradypnea?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is measured in impedance pneumography to calculate chest wall expansion?

Changes in electrical conductivity Signup and view all the answers

How many chest electrodes are typically used in impedance pneumography?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of techniques based on chest expansion?

They are not accurate in the presence of movement Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensors are used in inductive plethysmography?

Fiberoptic and resistive strain gauges Signup and view all the answers

Why is electromyographic signal of respiratory muscles not frequently used?

Because of the low signal-to-noise ratio Signup and view all the answers

In what type of monitoring is impedance pneumography implemented?

Home monitoring of neonatal apnea Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is used to detect flow in gas flow methods?

all are correct Signup and view all the answers

What is measured in gas flow methods to detect flow?

Pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

What is used to assess humidity in exhaled air?

Rapid response hygrometer Signup and view all the answers

Where is the temperature measured in gas flow methods?

Nose or mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring temperature in gas flow methods?

To measure gas flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of techniques based on gas exchange?

Exhaled CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using capnography in monitoring respiratory depression?

It allows for early detection of respiratory depression before O2 desaturation Signup and view all the answers

Why may accurate end-tidal CO2 measurements be difficult in mouth breathers?

Due to the nasal cannula's inability to detect oral breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of PETCO2 measurements?

It depends on the device used, O2 flow, and minute ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pulse oximetry in monitoring apnea/bradypnea?

It adds an additional level of safety combined with primary monitors of ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a nasal cannula with an oral guide in mouth breathers?

It improves the accuracy of end-tidal CO2 measurements in mouth breathers Signup and view all the answers

RR measurements based on Techniques based on gas exchange were more accurate than ?

more accurate than those obtained with thoracic impedance tomography Signup and view all the answers

how its possible to maximize the detection of true episodes of apnea in home monitors for neonatal apnea ?

transthoracic impedance and pulse oximetry Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause alarms to sound in a patient without apnea during monitoring?

Malfunctioning electrodes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of artifacts can lead to the activation failure of alarms in apnea monitoring situations?

Patient movement artifacts Signup and view all the answers

In what situations can impedance pneumographs be subject to artifacts that affect monitoring accuracy?

Cardiac motion Signup and view all the answers

Why are false-positive and false-negative alarms concerning during apnea monitoring?

They can lead to unnecessary interventions Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of monitors has been confirmed to maximize the detection of alveolar hypoventilation?

Capnography and pulse oximetry Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of continuous electronic monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation?

To monitor all patients, not just those at risk for postoperative respiratory insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for continuously monitoring oxygenation in all patients?

Pulse oximetry Signup and view all the answers

When is capnography or other monitoring that measures ventilation and airflow indicated?

When supplemental O2 is needed to maintain acceptable O2 saturations Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of threshold-based alarm limits in continuous electronic monitoring?

To ensure timely detection of respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between continuous electronic monitoring and traditional intermittent nursing assessment and vigilance?

Continuous monitoring supplements traditional assessment and vigilance Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of respiratory depression is characterized by a slow desaturation followed by an abrupt fall in oxygenation?

Hyperventilation compensated respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the pattern known as progressive unidirectional hypoventilation or CO2 narcosis?

Low respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

Patients with which condition are observed to have Sentinel rapid airflow/O2 saturation reduction?

Obstructive sleep apnea Signup and view all the answers

In which pattern of respiratory depression is high respiratory rate typical?