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What is respiratory failure?
What is respiratory failure?
Respiratory failure is a condition in which the body is unable to meet its need for tissue oxygenation or carbon dioxide removal.
Which of the following are causes of acute respiratory failure? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are causes of acute respiratory failure? (Select all that apply)
- Pneumonia (correct)
- Hypertension (correct)
- Upper airway obstruction (correct)
- Neuromuscular damage (correct)
What type of respiratory failure is characterized by low levels of oxygen but normal levels of carbon dioxide?
What type of respiratory failure is characterized by low levels of oxygen but normal levels of carbon dioxide?
- Type 2 (Hypercapnic)
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Type 1 (Hypoxemic) (correct)
What is the primary characteristic of Type 2 respiratory failure?
What is the primary characteristic of Type 2 respiratory failure?
Respiratory failure can only be classified as Type 1.
Respiratory failure can only be classified as Type 1.
Acute respiratory failure may lead to ______ retention and inadequate oxygenation.
Acute respiratory failure may lead to ______ retention and inadequate oxygenation.
List one clinical manifestation of respiratory failure.
List one clinical manifestation of respiratory failure.
What is one possible cause of lung tissue damage in respiratory failure?
What is one possible cause of lung tissue damage in respiratory failure?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Failure
- Respiratory failure occurs when the body cannot meet its need for tissue oxygenation or carbon dioxide removal.
- It is a sudden and life-threatening deterioration in lung gas exchange function.
Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)
- ARF is a sudden and life-threatening deterioration in pulmonary gas exchange, resulting in carbon dioxide retention and inadequate oxygenation.
- ARF can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic.
Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure
- Upper Airway Obstruction: Foreign objects, mucus plugging, atelectasis
- Lower Airway Obstruction: Bronchoconstriction, asthma, anaphylaxis
- Lung Tissue Damage/Gas Exchange Failure: Pneumonia, lung contusion, ARDS, pulmonary hemorrhage, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, lung fibrosis
- Pulmonary Circulatory Compromise: Pulmonary embolus, pulmonary vascular disease, heart failure, excessively raised cardiac output
- Neuromuscular Damage: Decreased level of consciousness (e.g., intracranial catastrophe or sedative agents), paralysis or weakness (e.g., spinal damage, tetanus, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis)
- Mechanical Compromise of Lung Tissue: Pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion, flail chest, kyphoscoliosis, obesity, or ascites.
- Inadequate Mechanical Ventilation: Insufficient ventilator support.
Classification of Acute Respiratory Failure
- Type 1 Respiratory Failure (Hypoxemic): Characterized by low levels of oxygen with normal or near-normal levels of carbon dioxide. It is primarily due to problems within the lung parenchyma.
- Type 2 Respiratory Failure (Hypercapnic): Caused by ventilation failure, often reduced respiratory drive or mechanical restriction. Results in high levels of carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels.
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