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Respiratory Disorders
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Respiratory Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract?

  • To prevent aspiration of particles and irritants into lower airways
  • To clear trapped particles and organisms from airway passages (correct)
  • To phagocytize foreign particles and organisms
  • To produce mucus that traps foreign particles

    • What is the primary function of pulmonary macrophages in the alveolar spaces?

  • To clear mucus from the airway passages
  • To phagocytize foreign particles and organisms (correct)
  • To regulate the immune response
  • To produce antibodies against foreign particles

    • What is a major factor that has contributed to the heightened prevalence and severity of pneumonia in recent years?

  • Emergence of HIV and antibiotic resistance (correct)
  • Improved vaccination rates
  • Increased incidence of viral infections
  • Increased air pollution

    • Which of the following individuals is most at risk for developing pneumonia?

    <p>Elderly person with chronic respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection in pneumonia?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way to classify pneumonia?

    <p>According to the pathogen responsible for the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for decreased levels of oxygen in the tissues?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an obstructive disorder?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rapid rate of breathing?

    <p>Tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections of the respiratory tract can occur in which parts of the tract?

    <p>The upper respiratory tract or the lower respiratory tract, or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to poor oxygenation of the blood?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a restrictive disorder?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for blood in the sputum?

    <p>Hemoptysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for increased levels of CO2 in the blood?

    <p>Hypercapnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Zleuton used for?

    <p>To inhibit LTs synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast and Zafirlukast?

    <p>Blocking the receptors of leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Omalizumab used to treat?

    <p>Severe allergic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Omalizumab?

    <p>Neutralizing IgE in the blood and interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum concentration of oxygen that can be safely used in O2 therapy?

    <p>24%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

    <p>A condition characterized by persistent obstruction of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for developing COPD?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Emphysema?

    <p>A condition characterized by dilatation of the air spaces by destruction of the alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the majority of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses that cause the common cold gain entry to the body?

    <p>Through the nasal mucosa and the surfaces of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT a common viral pathogen for the common cold?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common and serious form of influenza virus?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the genetic mutation of the influenza virus?

    <p>New variant of the virus arise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are serious pandemics of influenza seen?

    <p>Every 8 to 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa called?

    <p>Rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of the common cold viruses from person to person?

    <p>Through respiratory secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can make a patient susceptible to bacterial pneumonia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism is very difficult to kill in patients with pneumonia?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for pneumonia caused by bacterial organisms?

    <p>Antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a high-risk individual who should consider getting a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine?

    <p>A patient with HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug is used to treat symptoms of cough and irritation resulting from common cold and upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiratory tract infection is often associated with genetic disorders?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of oxygen therapy in the treatment of pneumonia?

    <p>To treat hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is not commonly associated with respiratory illness in otherwise healthy individuals?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Respiratory structures such as the airways, alveoli, and pleural membranes can be affected by various disease processes.
    • Infections, obstructive disorders, restrictive disorders, and cancers can alter pulmonary function.

    Infections

    • Respiratory infections can occur in the upper or lower respiratory tract, or both.
    • Organisms capable of infecting respiratory structures include bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
    • Infections can range from mild to severe and even life-threatening.

    Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

    • The common cold is caused by viral pathogens such as rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and coronavirus.
    • These viruses tend to have seasonal variations in their peak incidence.
    • Manifestations of the common cold include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, headache, and nasal discharge and congestion.

    Influenza

    • Influenza is a viral infection that can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract.
    • Three distinct forms of influenza virus have been identified: A, B, and C, with type A being the most common and causing the most serious illness.
    • Influenza virus is highly transmissible and has a high tendency for genetic mutation, resulting in new variants arising around the world.

    Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Pneumonia is a condition that involves inflammation of lower lung structures such as the alveoli or interstitial spaces.
    • Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria or viruses such as pneumocystis carinii.
    • Individuals most at risk for pneumonia include the elderly, those with viral infections, chronically ill, AIDS or immunosuppressed patients, smokers, and patients with chronic respiratory disease.

    Treatment of Pneumonia

    • Antibiotics are used if the infection is bacterial in origin.
    • Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxemia.
    • A vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia is available and highly effective.

    Respiratory Tract Drugs

    • Drugs are used to treat acute and minor conditions, as well as chronic and serious conditions.
    • Examples of respiratory tract drugs include those used to treat bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema.

    Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Tract Irritation and Control Secretion

    • These drugs are used to treat symptoms of cough and irritation that result from common cold, seasonal allergies, and upper respiratory tract infections.
    • Examples include antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, and leukotriene inhibitors.

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

    • COPD is a persistent obstruction of the airways.
    • Chronic bronchitis is a long-standing inflammation of the bronchial tree, characterized by production of sputum on most days for 3 months of 2 successive years.
    • Emphysema is a pathological condition in which there is dilatation of the air spaces by destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in obstruction from the decrease of the lungs' elasticity.

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    Related Documents

    010 Respiratory Disorders.pdf

    Description

    A quiz on various respiratory disorders and diseases, including their effects on airways, alveoli, and pleural membranes.

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