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What is the function of ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract?
What is the function of ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of pulmonary macrophages in the alveolar spaces?
What is the primary function of pulmonary macrophages in the alveolar spaces?
What is a major factor that has contributed to the heightened prevalence and severity of pneumonia in recent years?
What is a major factor that has contributed to the heightened prevalence and severity of pneumonia in recent years?
Which of the following individuals is most at risk for developing pneumonia?
Which of the following individuals is most at risk for developing pneumonia?
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What is the primary site of infection in pneumonia?
What is the primary site of infection in pneumonia?
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What is a common way to classify pneumonia?
What is a common way to classify pneumonia?
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What is the term for decreased levels of oxygen in the tissues?
What is the term for decreased levels of oxygen in the tissues?
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Which of the following is an example of an obstructive disorder?
Which of the following is an example of an obstructive disorder?
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What is the term for rapid rate of breathing?
What is the term for rapid rate of breathing?
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Infections of the respiratory tract can occur in which parts of the tract?
Infections of the respiratory tract can occur in which parts of the tract?
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What is the term for bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to poor oxygenation of the blood?
What is the term for bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to poor oxygenation of the blood?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a restrictive disorder?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a restrictive disorder?
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What is the term for blood in the sputum?
What is the term for blood in the sputum?
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What is the term for increased levels of CO2 in the blood?
What is the term for increased levels of CO2 in the blood?
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What is Zleuton used for?
What is Zleuton used for?
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What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast and Zafirlukast?
What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast and Zafirlukast?
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What is Omalizumab used to treat?
What is Omalizumab used to treat?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Omalizumab?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Omalizumab?
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What is the maximum concentration of oxygen that can be safely used in O2 therapy?
What is the maximum concentration of oxygen that can be safely used in O2 therapy?
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What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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What is the main risk factor for developing COPD?
What is the main risk factor for developing COPD?
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What is Emphysema?
What is Emphysema?
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What is the primary cause of the majority of upper respiratory tract infections?
What is the primary cause of the majority of upper respiratory tract infections?
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How do viruses that cause the common cold gain entry to the body?
How do viruses that cause the common cold gain entry to the body?
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Which of the following viruses is NOT a common viral pathogen for the common cold?
Which of the following viruses is NOT a common viral pathogen for the common cold?
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What is the most common and serious form of influenza virus?
What is the most common and serious form of influenza virus?
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What is the result of the genetic mutation of the influenza virus?
What is the result of the genetic mutation of the influenza virus?
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How often are serious pandemics of influenza seen?
How often are serious pandemics of influenza seen?
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What is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa called?
What is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa called?
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What is the mode of transmission of the common cold viruses from person to person?
What is the mode of transmission of the common cold viruses from person to person?
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What can make a patient susceptible to bacterial pneumonia?
What can make a patient susceptible to bacterial pneumonia?
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Which type of organism is very difficult to kill in patients with pneumonia?
Which type of organism is very difficult to kill in patients with pneumonia?
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What is the primary treatment for pneumonia caused by bacterial organisms?
What is the primary treatment for pneumonia caused by bacterial organisms?
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Which of the following is a high-risk individual who should consider getting a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine?
Which of the following is a high-risk individual who should consider getting a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine?
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Which type of drug is used to treat symptoms of cough and irritation resulting from common cold and upper respiratory tract infections?
Which type of drug is used to treat symptoms of cough and irritation resulting from common cold and upper respiratory tract infections?
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What type of respiratory tract infection is often associated with genetic disorders?
What type of respiratory tract infection is often associated with genetic disorders?
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What is the primary purpose of oxygen therapy in the treatment of pneumonia?
What is the primary purpose of oxygen therapy in the treatment of pneumonia?
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Which of the following organisms is not commonly associated with respiratory illness in otherwise healthy individuals?
Which of the following organisms is not commonly associated with respiratory illness in otherwise healthy individuals?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Disorders
- Respiratory structures such as the airways, alveoli, and pleural membranes can be affected by various disease processes.
- Infections, obstructive disorders, restrictive disorders, and cancers can alter pulmonary function.
Infections
- Respiratory infections can occur in the upper or lower respiratory tract, or both.
- Organisms capable of infecting respiratory structures include bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- Infections can range from mild to severe and even life-threatening.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- The common cold is caused by viral pathogens such as rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and coronavirus.
- These viruses tend to have seasonal variations in their peak incidence.
- Manifestations of the common cold include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, headache, and nasal discharge and congestion.
Influenza
- Influenza is a viral infection that can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract.
- Three distinct forms of influenza virus have been identified: A, B, and C, with type A being the most common and causing the most serious illness.
- Influenza virus is highly transmissible and has a high tendency for genetic mutation, resulting in new variants arising around the world.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
- Pneumonia is a condition that involves inflammation of lower lung structures such as the alveoli or interstitial spaces.
- Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria or viruses such as pneumocystis carinii.
- Individuals most at risk for pneumonia include the elderly, those with viral infections, chronically ill, AIDS or immunosuppressed patients, smokers, and patients with chronic respiratory disease.
Treatment of Pneumonia
- Antibiotics are used if the infection is bacterial in origin.
- Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxemia.
- A vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia is available and highly effective.
Respiratory Tract Drugs
- Drugs are used to treat acute and minor conditions, as well as chronic and serious conditions.
- Examples of respiratory tract drugs include those used to treat bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and emphysema.
Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Tract Irritation and Control Secretion
- These drugs are used to treat symptoms of cough and irritation that result from common cold, seasonal allergies, and upper respiratory tract infections.
- Examples include antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, and leukotriene inhibitors.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- COPD is a persistent obstruction of the airways.
- Chronic bronchitis is a long-standing inflammation of the bronchial tree, characterized by production of sputum on most days for 3 months of 2 successive years.
- Emphysema is a pathological condition in which there is dilatation of the air spaces by destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in obstruction from the decrease of the lungs' elasticity.
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Description
A quiz on various respiratory disorders and diseases, including their effects on airways, alveoli, and pleural membranes.
