Equine Respiratory Diseases Overview

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Questions and Answers

Match the following equine viral diseases with their descriptions:

Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis = Acute respiratory disease in foals caused by EHV-1 and EHV-4 Equine Influenza = Highly contagious respiratory disease with high morbidity and low mortality Equine Viral Arteritis = Virus causing reproductive and respiratory issues in horses Adenovirus = Causes respiratory disease primarily in immunocompromised horses

Match the following cattle viral diseases with their characteristics:

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis = Caused by a herpesvirus and leads to respiratory disorders Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus = Common virus that can lead to severe respiratory illness Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus = Can cause gastrointestinal and respiratory issues in cattle Bovine Coronavirus = Associated with respiratory disease in calves and gastrointestinal signs

Match the following bacterial diseases in horses with their causes:

Rhodococcal pneumonia = Caused by Rhodococcus equi Burkholderia mallei = Causes glanders, an infectious disease in equines Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. Mycoides = Causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Actinobacillus pyogenes = Is associated with various respiratory infections in cattle

Match the following conditions in cattle with their corresponding causes:

Shipping fever = Mannheimia haemolytica after stress from transportation Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia = Caused by Mycoplasma mycoides Fibrinous bronchopneumonia = Characterized by necrosis and pleuritis Tuberculosis = Chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following equine diseases with their forms:

Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis = Respiratory, neurologic, and abortive forms Equine Influenza = Respiratory type with secondary bacterial infections Adenovirus = Primarily affects immunocompromised equines Rhodococcal pneumonia = Granulomatous disease seen in foals Signup and view all the answers

Match the disease with its primary characteristic:

Mycoplasma bovis = Bronchopneumonia, arthritis, otitis and mastitis Enzootic Pneumonia = Multifactorial Disease with environmental predispositions Tuberculosis = Zoonotic granulomatous bacterial disease Miliary T.B = Widely disseminated multifocal nodules on all organs Signup and view all the answers

Match the causative agent with the type of hosts:

Mycobacterium bovis = Cattle Mycobacterium tuberculosis = Human Mycobacterium avium = Poultry Mycoplasma bovis = Bovine species Signup and view all the answers

Match the microscopic finding with its description:

Caseous necrosis = Central areas in granulomas Langhans giant cells = Large multinucleated cells with horse shoe nuclei Calcification = Surrounds areas of caseous necrosis Macrophages = Surrounding cells in granuloma formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the pathway with the disease process:

Inhalation of aerosol droplets = Tuberculosis transmission Intracellular replication = Bacteria resistance to lysosomal hydrolases Phagocytized by macrophages = Initial immune response to infection Hematogenous dissemination = Generalized infection spread Signup and view all the answers

Match the gross finding with its description:

Firm, yellow-white nodules = Characteristic of lung tuberculosis Multifocal tubercles on the pleura = Pearl disease appearance Caseous nodules in lymph nodes = Indicator of localized infection Encapsulation and calcification = Associated with chronic infections Signup and view all the answers

Match the environmental factor with its associated disease:

Temperature = Enzootic Pneumonia susceptibility Humidity = Enzootic Pneumonia susceptibility Poor air circulation = Enzootic Pneumonia susceptibility Crowding = Enzootic Pneumonia susceptibility Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of granuloma with its characteristic:

Caseated granulomas = Common in tuberculosis Non-caseating granulomas = Typically in other chronic infections Miliary granulomas = Disseminated throughout multiple organs Giant cell granulomas = Formed by fusion of macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of infection source with its route:

Inhalation = Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis Ingestion of infected materials = Transmission through milk Aerosol droplets = Major route for tuberculosis spread Feces = Possible route for avian mycobacterium spread Signup and view all the answers

Match the significant finding with disease context:

Granuloma = Characteristic lesion in tuberculosis Nodular lesions = Visible signs in chronic infections Caseous necrosis = Indicates severe tissue damage Multifocal nodules = Spread of infection across organs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

Acute respiratory disease in foals (4-8 months)
Caused by Equine herpes virus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)
Has three forms: Abortion (pregnant mare), Respiratory, and Nervous
Respiratory form causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia (non-collapsing lung lobes, rib impressions)
Neurologic form causes vasculitis, ischemia, and myeloencephalopathy
Aborted fetuses show multifocal areas of necrosis in various organs (liver, lung)

Equine Influenza

Highly contagious respiratory disease in horses
Caused by Influenza A virus (Orthomyxovirus)
High morbidity but low mortality (mild)
Secondary bacterial infections are common (Streptococcus equi)

Rhodococcal Pneumonia

Granulomatous disease in foals
Caused by Rhodococcus equi (Corynebacterium equi)
Grossly, it presents as multiple, firm nodules containing caseous necrosis and pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis (bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes)
Microscopically, it shows pyogranulomatous pneumonia (granuloma contains neutrophils)

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Viral respiratory disease in cattle
Caused by Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1)

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)

Viral respiratory disease in cattle
Caused by Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

Shipping Fever

Acute respiratory disease in cattle, occurring after shipping (stress)
Caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (Pasteurella haemolytica)
Grossly, shows fibrinous bronchopneumonia with cranioventral hepatization (red and firm), covered with yellow fibrin sheets, hydrothorax, and marbling/mosaic appearance due to multifocal necrosis and interstitial edema

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Caused by Mycoplasma mycoides
Grossly, similar to shipping fever

Mycoplasma bovis

Causes bronchopneumonia, arthritis, otitis, and mastitis
Grossly, presents as multifocal nodules with caseous necrosis
Microscopically, shows multifocal areas of caseous necrosis surrounded by neutrophils

Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves

Multifactorial disease predisposed by environmental factors (temperature, humidity, poor air circulation, crowding) and stress (immune status, viral infections)
Bacteria play a role

Tuberculosis

Zoonotic granulomatous bacterial disease
Caused by acid-fast bacteria (bacilli): Mycobacterium bovis (cattle), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (human), Mycobacterium avium (poultry)
Pathogenesis involves: inhalation of aerosol droplets or ingestion of infected materials (milk), intracellular replication within alveolar macrophages, macrophage death and release of enzymes (caseous necrosis), localization in lymph nodes, hematogenous dissemination (bacteremia), and seeding of multiple sites (generalized infection)
Gross findings include: firm, yellow-white nodules (tubercles) in lungs, multifocal tubercles on the pleura (pearl disease), caseous nodules in tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and multifocal nodules on all organs (liver, kidney, intestine, CNS, vertebrae) (miliary TB)
Microscopic findings show granuloma formation with central areas of caseous necrosis and calcification, surrounded by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and Langhans giant cells (large multinucleated cells with horse-shoe-shaped nuclei)

Ovine Adenovirus

Viral respiratory disease in sheep

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Viral respiratory disease in sheep

Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (Maedi)

Viral respiratory disease in sheep
Caused by lentivirus

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

Viral respiratory disease in goats
Caused by lentivirus

Peste Des Petits Ruminants

Viral respiratory disease in sheep and goats
Highly contagious, can cause high mortality

Sheep Pox

Viral respiratory disease in sheep
Caused by poxvirus

Caseous Lymphadenitis

Bacterial disease in sheep and goats
Caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Characterized by caseous nodules in lymph nodes

Muellerius capillaris

Parasitic disease in sheep and goats
Causes characteristic subpleural nodules in the dorsal region of caudal lung lobes

Hydatid Cyst

Intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm), found in sheep and goats

Canine Influenza

Viral respiratory disease in dogs
Highly contagious
Caused by Influenza A virus

Canine Adenovirus

Viral respiratory disease in dogs
Can cause severe pneumonia

Canine Distemper

Highly contagious disease in young dogs
Caused by Morbillivirus (paramyxoviridae)
Multisystemic disease affecting conjunctiva, nasal passages, lungs, intestines, skin, and brain

Canine Herpesvirus

Viral respiratory disease in dogs

Feline Calicivirus

Viral respiratory disease in cats
Causes upper respiratory signs

Feline Rhinotracheitis

Viral respiratory disease in cats
Caused by Feline Herpesvirus
Characterized by rhinitis and tracheitis

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Viral disease in cats
Caused by Feline coronavirus
Can cause pneumonia, but mainly affects other organs

Pleuritis (Pleurecy)

Inflammation of the pleura, associated with abnormal contents in the pleural space

Pneumothorax

Accumulation of air in the thoracic cavity

Hemothorax

Hemorrhage in the thoracic cavity

Chylothorax

Accumulation of chylous fluid (lymph) in the thoracic cavity

Hydrothorax

Accumulation of clear fluid in the thoracic cavity

Pyothorax

Accumulation of pus in the thoracic cavity

Lung and Pleural Tumors

Relatively rare in animals compared to humans
More common in dogs and cats
Metastatic sarcoma is common
Can be epithelial (adenoma or carcinoma) or mesenchymal

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Description

This quiz covers critical information about equine respiratory diseases, including Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis, Equine Influenza, and Rhodococcal Pneumonia. Learn about their causes, symptoms, and effects on foals and horses, as well as their pathological findings. Test your knowledge on these important equine health topics.