26 Questions
What is the earliest immune response seen after vaccination against Avian Influenza?
2-3 days after vaccination
What are the two types of antibodies present in the secretions of the upper respiratory and intestinal tracts in Avian Influenza?
IgA and IgG
What is the primary diagnostic method used to identify Avian Influenza virus?
Virus neutralization test using known ND antiserum
What are the three common serotypes of Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of Infectious Coryza?
A, B, C
What is the primary site of replication for influenza viruses in wild aquatic birds?
Intestinal tract
What is the typical age range at which Infectious Coryza occurs in chickens?
After 4 weeks of age, usually in adult birds
What is the typical outcome of Infectious Coryza infection in laying hens?
40-50% production losses
What is the term for the gradual point mutations in the gene that result in many epidemics?
Antigenic Drift
What is the primary mode of transmission of Infectious Coryza under field conditions?
Carrier birds
What is the name of the protein that allows the influenza virus to recognize and bind to host cells?
Haemagglutinin (H or HA)
What is the process by which influenza viruses evolve rapidly after transfer to a new host?
Rapid evolution
What is the common co-infection seen in birds with Infectious Coryza?
Mycoplasma infection
What is the primary site of replication for influenza viruses in quails?
Respiratory tract
What is the term for the drastic change in the influenza virus subtype resulting from genetic reassortment?
Antigenic Shift
What is the genus of the influenza virus?
Alphainfluenzavirus
How many RNA segments make up the influenza virus genome?
8
What is the name of the protein that is responsible for the release of the influenza virus from the host cell?
Neuraminidase (N or NA)
What is the natural reservoir of all 15 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses?
Wild aquatic birds
What is the primary concern of Passerini regarding the current situation with the virus?
The lack of guarantees that the virus won't happen again in two weeks' time even after repopulating the farms.
What is the only solution that Passerini believes can save the industry from total annihilation?
Vaccinating hens.
What is the characteristic of Newcastle disease in terms of its contagiousness?
It is highly contagious.
What are the typical clinical signs of Newcastle disease in chickens, turkeys, and Japanese quails?
Respiratory and nervous disorders.
What is the usual outcome of Newcastle disease in an affected flock?
Acute and sudden death of many birds.
What is the name of the virus that causes Newcastle disease?
Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (NDV) in the family of Paramyxoviridae.
What are the different forms of Newcastle disease based on clinical signs?
Five forms: Doyle's form, Beach's form, and three others.
What is the name of the lesions that can occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in velogenic Newcastle disease?
Haemorrhagic lesions.
Study Notes
Infectious Respiratory Diseases
- Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, Infectious Coryza, Chronic Respiratory Disease, and Swollen Head Syndrome are five infectious respiratory diseases affecting birds.
- Influenza is a highly infectious viral illness with epidemics reported since 1510, causing more than 40 million deaths worldwide in the 1918-1919 pandemic.
Influenza Virus
- Classified into three types: A, B, and C, affecting different age groups and species.
- Type A: affects all age groups, found in humans and animals (avian, pigs, horses, seals, and whales), causing moderate to severe illness.
- Type B: primarily affects children, found only in humans, causing milder epidemics.
- Type C: causes mild illness and sporadic cases, reported in humans and pigs.
Ecology of Influenza Viruses
- Wild aquatic birds are the natural reservoirs of all 15 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses.
- Influenza viruses replicate predominantly in the intestinal tract of wild aquatic birds and are shed through faecal-oral transmission often through water.
- Rapid evolution occurs after transfer to new hosts.
Antigenic Changes/Potentials
- Antigenic drift: minor changes, same subtype, gradual point mutations in genes, resulting in epidemics.
- Antigenic shift: major changes, new subtype, drastic change by genetic reassortment (exchange of gene segments), may result in pandemic.
Avian Influenza
- Distributed throughout the world, affecting domestic and wild avian species.
- Diagnosis: clinical diagnosis based on history, clinical signs, and gross lesions, with virus isolation and identification using various tests.
- Control measures: vaccination, good management practices, good hygiene, and biosecurity.
Infectious Coryza
- Recognized since the 1930s, a rapid-spreading respiratory disease primarily in chickens and turkeys.
- Caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, with three common serotypes: A, B, and C.
- Morbidity is high, but mortality is low, with debilitation, weight loss, and low feed conversion rates.
Newcastle Disease
- A highly contagious disease in many species of domestic, exotic, and wild birds, characterized by marked variations in morbidity, death rate, clinical signs, and lesions.
- Causes respiratory and nervous disorders in chickens, turkeys, and Japanese quails.
- Avian orthoavulavirus 1: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the family of Paramyxoviridae.
This quiz covers various infectious respiratory diseases affecting animals, including Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, and more. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and epidemics of these diseases.
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