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Questions and Answers
What is the earliest immune response seen after vaccination against Avian Influenza?
What is the earliest immune response seen after vaccination against Avian Influenza?
2-3 days after vaccination
What are the two types of antibodies present in the secretions of the upper respiratory and intestinal tracts in Avian Influenza?
What are the two types of antibodies present in the secretions of the upper respiratory and intestinal tracts in Avian Influenza?
IgA and IgG
What is the primary diagnostic method used to identify Avian Influenza virus?
What is the primary diagnostic method used to identify Avian Influenza virus?
Virus neutralization test using known ND antiserum
What are the three common serotypes of Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of Infectious Coryza?
What are the three common serotypes of Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of Infectious Coryza?
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What is the primary site of replication for influenza viruses in wild aquatic birds?
What is the primary site of replication for influenza viruses in wild aquatic birds?
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What is the typical age range at which Infectious Coryza occurs in chickens?
What is the typical age range at which Infectious Coryza occurs in chickens?
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What is the typical outcome of Infectious Coryza infection in laying hens?
What is the typical outcome of Infectious Coryza infection in laying hens?
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What is the term for the gradual point mutations in the gene that result in many epidemics?
What is the term for the gradual point mutations in the gene that result in many epidemics?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Infectious Coryza under field conditions?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Infectious Coryza under field conditions?
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What is the name of the protein that allows the influenza virus to recognize and bind to host cells?
What is the name of the protein that allows the influenza virus to recognize and bind to host cells?
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What is the process by which influenza viruses evolve rapidly after transfer to a new host?
What is the process by which influenza viruses evolve rapidly after transfer to a new host?
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What is the common co-infection seen in birds with Infectious Coryza?
What is the common co-infection seen in birds with Infectious Coryza?
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What is the primary site of replication for influenza viruses in quails?
What is the primary site of replication for influenza viruses in quails?
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What is the term for the drastic change in the influenza virus subtype resulting from genetic reassortment?
What is the term for the drastic change in the influenza virus subtype resulting from genetic reassortment?
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What is the genus of the influenza virus?
What is the genus of the influenza virus?
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How many RNA segments make up the influenza virus genome?
How many RNA segments make up the influenza virus genome?
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What is the name of the protein that is responsible for the release of the influenza virus from the host cell?
What is the name of the protein that is responsible for the release of the influenza virus from the host cell?
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What is the natural reservoir of all 15 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses?
What is the natural reservoir of all 15 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses?
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What is the primary concern of Passerini regarding the current situation with the virus?
What is the primary concern of Passerini regarding the current situation with the virus?
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What is the only solution that Passerini believes can save the industry from total annihilation?
What is the only solution that Passerini believes can save the industry from total annihilation?
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What is the characteristic of Newcastle disease in terms of its contagiousness?
What is the characteristic of Newcastle disease in terms of its contagiousness?
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What are the typical clinical signs of Newcastle disease in chickens, turkeys, and Japanese quails?
What are the typical clinical signs of Newcastle disease in chickens, turkeys, and Japanese quails?
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What is the usual outcome of Newcastle disease in an affected flock?
What is the usual outcome of Newcastle disease in an affected flock?
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What is the name of the virus that causes Newcastle disease?
What is the name of the virus that causes Newcastle disease?
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What are the different forms of Newcastle disease based on clinical signs?
What are the different forms of Newcastle disease based on clinical signs?
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What is the name of the lesions that can occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in velogenic Newcastle disease?
What is the name of the lesions that can occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in velogenic Newcastle disease?
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Study Notes
Infectious Respiratory Diseases
- Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, Infectious Coryza, Chronic Respiratory Disease, and Swollen Head Syndrome are five infectious respiratory diseases affecting birds.
- Influenza is a highly infectious viral illness with epidemics reported since 1510, causing more than 40 million deaths worldwide in the 1918-1919 pandemic.
Influenza Virus
- Classified into three types: A, B, and C, affecting different age groups and species.
- Type A: affects all age groups, found in humans and animals (avian, pigs, horses, seals, and whales), causing moderate to severe illness.
- Type B: primarily affects children, found only in humans, causing milder epidemics.
- Type C: causes mild illness and sporadic cases, reported in humans and pigs.
Ecology of Influenza Viruses
- Wild aquatic birds are the natural reservoirs of all 15 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses.
- Influenza viruses replicate predominantly in the intestinal tract of wild aquatic birds and are shed through faecal-oral transmission often through water.
- Rapid evolution occurs after transfer to new hosts.
Antigenic Changes/Potentials
- Antigenic drift: minor changes, same subtype, gradual point mutations in genes, resulting in epidemics.
- Antigenic shift: major changes, new subtype, drastic change by genetic reassortment (exchange of gene segments), may result in pandemic.
Avian Influenza
- Distributed throughout the world, affecting domestic and wild avian species.
- Diagnosis: clinical diagnosis based on history, clinical signs, and gross lesions, with virus isolation and identification using various tests.
- Control measures: vaccination, good management practices, good hygiene, and biosecurity.
Infectious Coryza
- Recognized since the 1930s, a rapid-spreading respiratory disease primarily in chickens and turkeys.
- Caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, with three common serotypes: A, B, and C.
- Morbidity is high, but mortality is low, with debilitation, weight loss, and low feed conversion rates.
Newcastle Disease
- A highly contagious disease in many species of domestic, exotic, and wild birds, characterized by marked variations in morbidity, death rate, clinical signs, and lesions.
- Causes respiratory and nervous disorders in chickens, turkeys, and Japanese quails.
- Avian orthoavulavirus 1: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the family of Paramyxoviridae.
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Description
This quiz covers various infectious respiratory diseases affecting animals, including Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, and more. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and epidemics of these diseases.
