Respiratory Disorders - Part 2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical manifestation of tuberculosis?

  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Wheezing (correct)
  • Swollen lymph nodes

Which medication used to treat tuberculosis can cause changes in body fluids, resulting in an orange color?

  • Rifampin (correct)
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Isoniazid (INH)
  • Ethambutol

What is the primary reason for using Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis treatment?

  • To monitor for drug side effects
  • To ensure medication compliance (correct)
  • To prevent the spread of infection
  • To determine the effectiveness of the treatment

Which of the following diagnostic tests is NOT typically used to identify tuberculosis?

<p>Bronchoscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis?

<p>It is most effective in preventing severe forms of tuberculosis in children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pulmonary embolism?

<p>Regular Exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of pulmonary embolism?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

<p>Pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of ARDS?

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common diagnostic test used to diagnose pulmonary embolism?

<p>Ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ scan) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drug of choice for treating Legionnaire's Disease?

<p>Aryltramiasin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of acute bronchitis?

<p>High Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for pulmonary embolism?

<p>Anticoagulants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgical procedure is used to remove a small portion of the lung?

<p>Wedge resection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mode of transmission for SARS?

<p>Airborne or droplet contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism?

<p>Bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a diagnostic test used to confirm Legionnaire's Disease?

<p>Blood culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing intervention for a patient with acute bronchitis?

<p>Encouraging smoking cessation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of Legionnaire's Disease?

<p>Rash (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment can be a breeding ground for Legionella pneumophila?

<p>Air-conditioned offices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of SARS?

<p>Kidney failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

<p>Exposure to inhaled irritants (A), Genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark characteristic of emphysema, a type of COPD?

<p>Destruction of alveolar walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of COPD in its late stages?

<p>Wheezing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic bronchitis?

<p>Bronchospasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering corticosteroids in the management of acute COPD?

<p>To reduce inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a rescue therapy used for managing asthma?

<p>Short-acting beta-agonists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these triggers can contribute to both asthma and chronic bronchitis?

<p>Smoking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chronic COPD, what is a key intervention for reducing symptoms and improving quality of life?

<p>Pulmonary rehabilitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between asthma and COPD?

<p>Asthma is reversible while COPD is progressive and irreversible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test assesses the severity of airway obstruction in both Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis?

<p>Pulmonary function tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is typically NOT used in the long-term management of asthma?

<p>Short-acting beta-agonists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why individuals with COPD should receive the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines?

<p>To reduce the risk of developing respiratory infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

<p>Asthma is characterized by reversible bronchospasm, while COPD is irreversible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chest physiotherapy benefit individuals with COPD?

<p>It helps remove mucus from the airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nursing intervention for managing chronic bronchitis?

<p>Administer inhaled corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'productive cough' refer to in the context of chronic bronchitis?

<p>A cough that produces phlegm or mucus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of pneumonia?

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a chest X-ray in the diagnosis of pneumonia?

<p>To detect abnormalities in the lung tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of rust-colored sputum in a patient with pneumonia?

<p>Streptococcus Pneumoniae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing interventions is NOT recommended for a patient with pneumonia?

<p>Restrict fluid intake to prevent congestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a medical management option for pleural effusion?

<p>Thoracentesis (A), Antibiotics for bacterial infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of pleural effusion?

<p>Pulmonary embolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected clinical presentation of a pneumothorax?

<p>Sudden shortness of breath and chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common diagnostic test used to establish a diagnosis of pneumothorax?

<p>Chest X-ray (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bronchial Lavage

A medical procedure to remove irritation and bacteria from the lungs.

Tuberculosis Transmission

Spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Tuberculin Skin Test

Test to diagnose tuberculosis by checking skin reaction after 48-72 hours.

Drug Therapy for Active TB

Treatment involving medications like INH, Rifampin, and Ethambutol.

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Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)

A strategy to ensure patients take their TB medication correctly.

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Acute Bronchitis

Inflammation of the trachea and bronchial tree, often due to infection.

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Causes of Acute Bronchitis

Commonly caused by respiratory infections or inhaled irritants.

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Clinical Manifestations of Acute Bronchitis

Symptoms include productive cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, low-grade fever, and headache.

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Treatment of Acute Bronchitis

Medical management includes analgesics, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and rest.

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Legionnaire's Disease

Severe respiratory illness caused by Legionella pneumophila bacteria, typically from water sources.

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Manifestations of Legionnaire's Disease

Symptoms include high fever, headache, shortness of breath, and cough, potentially leading to pneumonia.

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SARS

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome caused by a coronavirus, transmitted airborne or by droplets.

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Diagnostic Tests for SARS

Includes Chest X-ray and antibody testing to confirm the infection.

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Pneumonia Causes

Factors that lead to pneumonia include bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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Pneumonia Symptoms

Clinical manifestations include cough, fever, and shortness of breath.

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Sputum Color Indicators

Different sputum colors can indicate specific pathogens in pneumonia.

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Pneumonia Diagnostic Tests

Tests include chest X-rays and sputum cultures to diagnose pneumonia.

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Pleural Effusion Definition

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, often causing breathlessness.

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Pneumothorax Definition

Collection of air or gas in the pleural space, leading to lung collapse.

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Nursing Interventions for Pneumonia

Nursing actions include monitoring lung sounds and encouraging deep breathing.

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Pneumonia Vaccine

A vaccine recommended for high-risk individuals to prevent pneumonia.

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Pneumonectomy

Surgical removal of the entire lung.

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Lobectomy

Surgical removal of one lobe of the lung.

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Pulmonary Embolism

A blood clot that travels to the lungs.

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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, often in the legs.

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Severe lung injury leading to fluid buildup in alveoli (alveolar edema).

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Clinical Manifestations of PE

Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and tachycardia.

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Risk Factors for PE

Includes smoking, obesity, immobility, and central line placement.

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Asthma Triggers

Common stimuli that can cause asthma symptoms like allergens and irritants.

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Asthma Symptoms

Key manifestations of asthma include wheezing, dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness.

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Pulmonary Function Tests

Diagnostic tests like spirometry to assess lung function and airflow.

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Rescue Therapy

Immediate treatment for asthma using bronchodilators like albuterol.

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Chronic Bronchitis

Long-term inflammation of bronchi leading to mucus production and breathing difficulties.

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COPD vs. Asthma

COPD involves irreversible airway obstruction, while asthma is usually reversible.

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Chronic Bronchitis Symptoms

Common signs include productive cough and chest tightness associated with excess mucus.

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Nursing Interventions for Asthma

Monitoring, medication administration, and educating patients on triggers and management.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A progressive, irreversible lung disease causing airflow obstruction.

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Causes of COPD

Smoking, inhaled irritants, and genetic predisposition (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency).

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Types of COPD

Two main types: Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis.

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Initial Stage Symptoms of COPD

Shortness of breath on exertion, sputum production, weight loss.

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Late Stage Symptoms of COPD

Barrel chest, dyspnea at rest, wheezing, cyanosis, and more.

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COPD Diagnostic Tests

Tests include pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray, ABGs, and alpha-1 antitrypsin levels.

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Medical Management for Acute COPD

Includes oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics.

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Nursing Interventions for COPD

Includes oxygen therapy, deep breathing encouragement, and fluid management.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Disorders - Part 2

  • Acute Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tree, typically thick secretions, often linked to respiratory infection or inhaled irritants.
  • Clinical Manifestations: Productive cough, wheezes, shortness of breath, chest pain, tightness, low-grade fever, and headache.
  • Diagnosis: Chest X-ray, cultures.
  • Management: Expectorants, antipyretics, analgesics, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and fluid intake—avoiding milk.
  • Legionnaires' Disease: Caused by L. pneumophila, thrives in water environments (e.g., AC units).
  • Clinical Manifestations: Life-threatening pneumonia, respiratory failure, renal failure, shock, and death; symptoms appear 2-14 days post-exposure, including high fever, headache, diarrhea, and malaise, non-productive cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.
  • Diagnosis: Blood sputum cultures, chest X-ray, urine tests.
  • Treatment: Antibiotics, supportive care.

Additional Respiratory Disorders

  • SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): Viral infection spread by close contact. Not Covid-19.
  • Tuberculosis: Infectious disease, usually affecting the lungs, but potentially other organs.
  • Clinical Manifestations: Fever, chills, night sweats, weight loss, weakness, chronic productive cough, swollen or tender lymph nodes.
  • Diagnostics: Tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, acid-fast stain, sputum smear.
  • Management: Antibiotics, and other treatments for secondary infections.

Pneumonia

  • Definition: Inflammation of the lungs caused by infection (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) or aspiration.
  • Typical Symptoms: Productive cough, shortness of breath, fever, chills, elevated respiratory rate, chest pain, crackles or wheezing.
  • Diagnostic Tests: Sputum cultures, chest X-rays, blood tests (CBC).
  • Management: Antibiotics (if bacterial), supportive care (e.g., oxygen, fluids).

Other Respiratory Conditions

  • Pulmonary Edema: Fluid buildup in the lungs, often associated with heart failure.
  • Pulmonary Infarction (PE): Blood clot in the pulmonary artery, leading to lung damage, shortness of breath, chest pain.
  • Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura (membrane lining the lungs), can cause sharp chest pain exacerbated by breathing. Usually related to pneumonia or lung trauma.
  • Pleural Effusion: Fluid buildup in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, can be secondary to other conditions.

Management of Patients with Respiratory Disorders

  • Monitoring Vital Signs: Respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature.
  • Airway Maintenance: Assessment and maintenance of an unobstructed airway. Use oxygen at appropriate levels according to patient condition.
  • Positioning: Position changes promote drainage of secretions, assist with breathing.
  • Fluid Balance: Monitoring and managing fluid intake/output, administering fluids appropriately based on condition and the situation.
  • Cough and deep breathing exercises: Encouraging these to treat the secretions in the lungs and to promote healing.
  • Medication Administration: Administer medications as prescribed.
  • Respiratory Treatments: e.g., incentive spirometry, nebulisation, chest physiotherapy.

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