52 Questions
Which muscle fibers facilitate active expiration?
Transversus thoracis
Where does the lingula belong?
L lung
What is the primary motor innervation to smooth muscle and glands in the lungs?
Vagus nerve
What forms the division between the superior and inferior mediastinum?
Sternal angle
Which blood vessels provide the dual blood supply to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery and bronchial vessels
What is the function of the costomediastinal recesses?
To accumulate pleural fluid during eupnea
Where do the visceral afferents primarily arise from?
Visceral pleura
What is the role of the parietal pleura?
Sensory innervation only
What is the function of the pulmonary hilar nodes?
Drain lymph from the lung tissues
What does disruption of surface tension in the pleural space lead to?
Alveolar collapse
What primarily contributes to the autonomic (motor) innervation of the lung roots?
Vagus nerve
Which structure forms a dome (cupula) over the apex of the lung?
Parietal pleura
Which type of epithelium lines the initial 1.5cm of the nasal vestibule?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the function of the Larson’s maneuver mentioned in the text?
Opens the airway and stimulates a sigh
Which structure serves as a vault for the tongue at rest?
Hard palate
What is the function of the inferior nasal conchae mentioned in the text?
Increase surface area
Which bone forms the superior nasal septum?
Ethmoid perpendicular plate
What is the function of the atrium within the internal nose?
Contains vibrissae for filtration
Which muscle is responsible for protruding the tongue?
Genioglossus
What is the function of the palatopharyngeal folds?
Raise during swallowing/deglutition
What is the normal range of Atlanto-occipital flexion joint mobility needed for the 'sniffing position'?
90-165 degrees
What is the function of the terminal sulcus on the dorsum of the tongue?
Splits pre- and post-sulcus portions of the tongue
What type of muscle fills the posterior gaps in the trachea where the rings are absent?
Smooth muscle
What is the blood supply for the bronchioles and pulmonary arteries?
Bronchial artery only
Which type of bronchi runs more vertically and is wider?
Primary main bronchi
Which bronchopulmonary segment is surgically resectable and includes a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery?
Tertiary bronchus
Which type of bronchioles are involved in gas exchange and have alveoli present?
Respiratory bronchioles
Which type of fibers weakly inhibits bronchoconstriction in the airways?
Sympathetic fibers
What is the main function of respiratory epithelium in the trachea and bronchus?
Mucous secretion
Which type of cells in the alveoli produce surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes
What is the main function of club cells in the respiratory bronchioles?
Destroying airborne toxins
What is the primary function of the mucociliary escalator?
Trap particles and moisturize air
Which cell type increases mucous production in response to metaplasia, such as in smokers?
Mucous goblet cells
What is the function of the cricopharyngeus muscle?
Constrict the walls of the pharynx during swallowing
Which muscle is NOT essential to close the laryngeal inlet?
Stylopharyngeus
What is the role of the internal longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles?
Elevate the larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking
Where would you find the palatoglossal arch?
Lateral pillars of fauces
Which muscle is responsible for maintaining tone of the hypopharynx and elevating the larynx?
Thyrohyoid
What is the narrowest part of the adult upper airway?
"Rima glottidis"
What is the function of cricothyroid muscle?
Tensing vocal cords causing them to close.
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
Separate the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
Which muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve and can be targeted for a SAP block?
Serratus anterior
What is the function of the superficial intercostal muscles?
Elevate the ribs during respiration
Which structure correlates with T4-T5 vertebrae and marks the division between superior and inferior mediastina?
Sternal angle
Which muscle can assist in inspiration by lifting the rib cage and is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?
Sternocleidomastoid
What is the function of the floating ribs?
End in posterior abdominal musculature without sternal connection
Which nerve descends vertically on the anterior scalene muscle and innervates both cervical and brachial plexuses?
Phrenic nerve
What is the primary function of the clavicle in relation to the thoracic cage?
Increase anterior-posterior diameter of the thorax during inspiration
What is the function of the manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) in relation to other structures?
Acts as a landmark for T4-T5 vertebrae
What is the main function of the rib orientation described as 'pump handle' movement?
Raise sternum superiorly/anteriorly to increase anterior-posterior diameter of thorax during inspiration
What primarily contributes to changes in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that facilitate venous return?
Both a & b
Which structure serves as a retrodiaphragmatic opening at T12 level?
Aortic foramen
Test your knowledge of the extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary airways, understanding the differences between conducting and respiratory airways, and the cranial bones involved in respiration.
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