Respiratory Agents Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which medication class is primarily used for immediate relief during an asthma attack?

  • Anticholinergics
  • Xanthine derivatives
  • Long-acting beta 2 agonists
  • Short-acting beta 2 agonists (correct)

What is the therapeutic blood level range for Theophylline?

  • 5 to 15 ug/ml
  • 15 to 25 ug/ml
  • 20 to 30 ug/ml
  • 10 to 20 ug/ml (correct)

Which type of bronchodilator should be used before administering corticosteroids?

  • Xanthine derivatives
  • Long-acting beta 2 agonists
  • Short-acting beta 2 agonists (correct)
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists

Which side effect is associated with xanthine derivatives?

<p>Cardiac stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is considered a long-acting beta 2 agonist?

<p>Formoterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukotriene receptor antagonists are primarily used for what purpose in asthma management?

<p>Preventing airway inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of glucocorticoids in asthma treatment?

<p>Provide anti-inflammatory effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nursing intervention for monitoring patients on xanthine derivatives?

<p>Monitor blood levels for toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of amphetamines in the treatment of ADHD?

<p>Suppress appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly classifies a sedative?

<p>Agent producing a state of calmness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key nursing consideration when administering sedative-hypnotics?

<p>Avoid other stimulants during treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anesthesia causes reversible loss of consciousness?

<p>General anesthesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anesthetic is known to potentially cause respiratory depression?

<p>Propofol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action do benzodiazepines promote in the central nervous system?

<p>Increase in GABA inhibition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of expectorants in respiratory therapy?

<p>Reduce the viscosity of pulmonary secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of drugs is used to suppress the cough reflex non-narcotically?

<p>Nonnarcotic agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should medications not be suddenly discontinued after prolonged use?

<p>It may induce seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with Xanax?

<p>Drowsiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by heightened airway reactivity and swelling of the airway?

<p>Bronchial asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are primarily associated with bronchoconstriction during allergic reactions?

<p>H1 receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the action of antihistamines on blood vessels?

<p>Dilation of capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a drug class for lower respiratory disorders?

<p>Antihistamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of sympathomimetics in respiratory therapy?

<p>Promote bronchodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a severe, acute asthma attack that is unresponsive to usual treatment?

<p>Status asthmaticus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is associated with anorexiants?

<p>Suppress appetite by acting on the hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major side effects associated with CNS stimulants?

<p>Dysrhythmias and heart attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Skeletal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CNS stimulants specifically stimulate the release of norepinephrine?

<p>Amphetamines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing implication is essential when administering CNS stimulants?

<p>Monitor dietary intake of caffeine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of analeptics?

<p>Respiratory stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification does NOT belong to CNS stimulants?

<p>Sedative-hypnotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options describes the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Regulates involuntary functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists in treating nausea from cancer chemotherapy?

<p>Blocking serotonin receptors in the CTZ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible side effect of using aluminum-based products in the treatment of diarrhea?

<p>Constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of laxative works by adding fiber to the stool?

<p>Bulk forming laxatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nursing implication for administering proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

<p>Administer before meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action do stimulant or contact laxatives primarily perform?

<p>Stimulate nerve plexus in the intestinal wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the action of H2 receptor antagonists?

<p>They selectively block H2 receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if calcium salts are used improperly in treatment?

<p>Milk-alkali syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of surfactant laxatives?

<p>Increase water accumulation in the stool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?

<p>Increase neurotransmitter concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antidepressants is considered a second-line treatment?

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

<p>Increase serotonin uptake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nursing consideration regarding the onset of action for antidepressants?

<p>1 to 3 weeks before drug takes effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of osmotic laxatives?

<p>Water retention or osmotic effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic class do dopamine-antagonists belong to in relation to vomiting?

<p>Gastrointestinal agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do anticholinergics specifically target in the context of nausea?

<p>Act primarily on the vomiting center (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common drug action for gastrointestinal agents?

<p>Promote serotonin uptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Expectorant

A medication that thins pulmonary secretions, making it easier to cough up.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

Antitussive

A medication that suppresses coughs.

Bronchial Asthma

A respiratory condition causing heightened airway reactivity, resulting in airway narrowing.

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Status Asthmaticus

A severe, acute asthma attack unresponsive to typical treatments.

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Bronchodilator

Medication that widens bronchial airways.

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Sympathomimetic

A drug mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, often for bronchodilation.

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H1 Receptor

A receptor in lungs that contributes to bronchoconstriction (bronchiole tightening).

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Beta 2 agonists

Bronchodilators that relax the airways by stimulating beta-2 receptors.

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SABA

Short-acting beta-2 agonists, used to treat sudden asthma attacks.

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LABA

Long-acting beta-2 agonists, used for long-term prevention of asthma.

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Xanthine derivatives

Bronchodilators that relax the airways, but are rarely used due to more potent and safer options.

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Anticholinergics

Bronchodilators that block acetylcholine receptors in the airways, causing bronchodilation.

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Glucocorticoids

Anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce inflammation in the airways.

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Leukotriene receptor antagonists

A new class of asthma drugs that block leukotrienes, decreasing inflammation.

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Nursing Intervention (Asthma)

Assessing respiratory status, liver function tests, and using bronchodilators before corticosteroids are crucial for asthma patients.

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Anorexiants

Drugs that suppress appetite by acting on the hypothalamus.

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Analeptics

Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system (CNS), primarily used to stimulate breathing.

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CNS stimulants

Substances that increase the rate of neuronal activity in the central nervous system.

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Amphetamines

CNS stimulants that increase norepinephrine release.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System

Part of the nervous system responsible for the voluntary and involuntary control of the body.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Part of peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system; known as the "fight-or-flight" response.

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Sedative-Hypnotics

Drugs that produce calmness and sleepiness.

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Barbiturates

A type of sedative-hypnotic that decreases synaptic activity in the brain, causing CNS depression.

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Benzodiazepines

Sedative-hypnotics that increase GABA levels in the brain, resulting in a calming effect.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden and recurring sleep attacks.

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Anesthesia

The loss of sensation, often consciousness, used in surgery.

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General Anesthesia

A type of anesthesia that causes reversible loss of consciousness

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Propofol

A rapid-acting anesthetic administered intravenously used for short surgical procedures. Can cause respiratory depression.

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Endogenous Obesity

Obesity caused by dysfunction of endocrine systems, not dietary or lifestyle.

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Antidepressants Action

Antidepressants work by affecting neurotransmitters like GABA and serotonin, either increasing their concentration or inhibiting their reuptake.

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MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)

Second-line antidepressants that inhibit MAO enzymes, affecting neurotransmitter levels.

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SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Antidepressants that primarily target serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin levels at the synapse.

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GABA

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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Anti-anxiety (Anxiolytic) Action

Anxiolytics work by enhancing the effects of GABA, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter. This helps calm the nervous system.

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Vomiting (Emesis)

Forcible expulsion of gastric contents via the mouth. Stimulated by various triggers.

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Peptic Ulcer

Disruption of the stomach lining's integrity, often due to inflammation.

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Antacids

Drugs that neutralize stomach acid by chemical reaction.

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Diarrhea

Abnormally liquid or unformed stools, with fecal output exceeding 200 grams per day on a low-fiber diet.

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Constipation

Persistent, difficult defecation.

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Laxatives

Substances used to stimulate bowel movements.

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Bulk-forming laxatives

Natural, fibrous substances that increase stool bulk, promoting easier passage.

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Surfactant laxatives

Lubricant laxatives; lower surface tension, allowing water to accumulate in stool.

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Stimulant/contact laxatives

Stimulate nerve plexus in the intestinal wall, increasing bowel movements.

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Side Effects of Laxatives

Possible negative consequences of laxative use, including rebound acidity, constipation, diarrhea, fluid retention, and milk-alkali syndrome.

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H2 receptor antagonists

Drugs that selectively block histamine H2 receptors. Used to treat acidity problems.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Agents

  • Respiratory Tract: Divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts
  • Upper Respiratory Tract: Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
  • Lower Respiratory Tract: Includes trachea, primary bronchi, and lungs
  • Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs): Common cold, acute rhinitis, sinusitis, acute pharyngitis
  • Drugs for Upper Respiratory Disorders:
    • Antihistamines (H1 blockers): Block histamine receptors to decrease allergic reactions. Results in decreased capillary dilation, decreased BP, and decreased bronchoconstriction.
    • Decongestants (sympathomimetic amines): Reduce congestion and swelling by constricting blood vessels.
    • Expectorants: Reduce the viscosity of pulmonary secretions, increasing fluid intake is recommended.
    • Antitussives: Suppress the cough reflex (narcotic or non-narcotic). Narcotic suppress the cough reflex through direct action on the medulla, and non-narcotic suppress by numbing stretch receptors.

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

  • Common Disorder: Bronchial asthma
  • Asthma Characteristics: Heightened airway reactivity, resulting in harrowing and swelling of airways. Acute, severe asthma attacks are described as status asthmaticus.
  • Drugs for Lower Respiratory Disorders:
    • Bronchodilators: Dilate bronchioles. Include sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, and anticholinergics.
    • Sympathomimetics: Beta-2 adrenergic agonists (e.g., salmeterol, metaproterenol, albuterol, ritodrine, terbutaline).

Nervous System Agents

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Composed of the brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System: Composed of somatic nervous system (voluntary) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
  • CNS Stimulants: Substances that quicken the CNS by increasing neuronal discharge rate. Included in this category are amphetamines, anorexiants, and analeptics.
  • Amphetamines: Used for narcolepsy, obesity, and ADHD.
  • Anorexiants: Suppress the appetite.
  • Analeptics: Stimulate the CNS in instances of respiratory stimulation.
  • CNS Depressants: Substances that slow the CNS. Included in this category are sedative-hypnotics, anesthetics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, and antidepressants.

Gastrointestinal Agents

  • Vomiting (Emesis): The forceful expulsion of gastric contents.
  • Drugs to Treat Vomiting (Anti-emetics): Antihistamines, anticholinergics, dopamine antagonists, and serotonin antagonists.
  • Diarrhea: Abnormally liquid or unformed stools with increased fecal output (greater than 200 grams per day on a low-fiber diet).
  • Laxatives: Drugs that promote bowel movements. Types include bulk-forming, surfactant/emollients, stimulant, and osmotic laxatives.
  • Peptic Ulcers: Disruptions in mucosal integrity of the stomach leading to excavation due to inflammation.
  • Drugs to Treat Peptic Ulcers: Acid-suppressing drugs and mucosal protective agents (e.g., sucralfate).

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