Respiration Process in Cells

Study Notes

Process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP
Occurs in the cells of all living organisms
Involves three stages:
1. Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm
2. Citric Acid Cycle: conversion of pyruvate into ATP in the mitochondria
3. Electron Transport Chain: generation of ATP from the energy released during the citric acid cycle
Types of respiration:
- Aerobic Respiration: occurs in the presence of oxygen, produces 36-38 ATP molecules
- Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in the absence of oxygen, produces 2 ATP molecules

Process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose
Occurs in chloroplasts of plant cells
Involves two stages:
1. Light-Dependent Reactions: light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH
2. Light-Independent Reactions: ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose
Importance:
- Produces oxygen as a byproduct
- Provides energy for plants and ultimately, animals

Process of obtaining essential nutrients from the environment
Types of nutrient uptake:
- Active Transport: movement of nutrients against their concentration gradient, requiring energy
- Passive Transport: movement of nutrients along their concentration gradient, without energy
Methods of nutrient uptake:
- Root Hairs: increase the surface area of roots for absorption of nutrients
- Vesicular Transport: use of vesicles to transport nutrients into the cell

Process of removing waste and excess substances from the body
Types of excretion:
- Osmoregulation: regulation of water and salt levels in the body
- Elimination of Nitrogenous Waste: removal of excess nitrogen from the body
Methods of excretion:
- Kidneys: filter waste and excess substances from the blood
- Liver: detoxifies and removes waste products from the blood

Process of moving nutrients, oxygen, and waste products around the body
Types of transportation:
- Blood Circulation: movement of blood throughout the body
- Lymphatic System: movement of lymph fluid and immune cells
Components of transportation:
- Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
- Blood Vessels: transport blood throughout the body
- Lymph Vessels: transport lymph fluid and immune cells

Breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP
Occurs in the cells of all living organisms
Involves three stages:
Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm
Citric Acid Cycle: conversion of pyruvate into ATP in the mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain: generation of ATP from the energy released during the citric acid cycle
Types of respiration:
Aerobic Respiration: occurs in the presence of oxygen, produces 36-38 ATP molecules
Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in the absence of oxygen, produces 2 ATP molecules

Converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose
Occurs in chloroplasts of plant cells
Involves two stages:
Light-Dependent Reactions: light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH
Light-Independent Reactions: ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose
Importance:
Produces oxygen as a byproduct
Provides energy for plants and ultimately, animals

Process of obtaining essential nutrients from the environment
Types of nutrient uptake:
Active Transport: movement of nutrients against their concentration gradient, requiring energy
Passive Transport: movement of nutrients along their concentration gradient, without energy
Methods of nutrient uptake:
Root Hairs: increase the surface area of roots for absorption of nutrients
Vesicular Transport: use of vesicles to transport nutrients into the cell