Questions and Answers
What is aerobic respiration?
What is anaerobic respiration?
What is fermentation?
What is the lifeline of energy?
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Provide the photosynthesis equation.
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What is the key energy-storing molecule?
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What is the formula for respiration?
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What does glycolysis break glucose down into?
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How many ATPs are produced per glucose in respiration?
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Glycolysis requires oxygen.
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
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How many ATP does the Krebs cycle produce?
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What is FAD reduced to in the Krebs cycle?
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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Where are NADH and FADH2 oxidized in oxidative phosphorylation?
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How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation produce?
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What does chemiosmosis produce?
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What is the final electron acceptor in respiration?
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What method of metabolic control is feedback inhibition?
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What is the switch enzyme in glycolysis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Aerobic Respiration: An efficient energy production process requiring oxygen, utilized by most organisms, also known as cellular respiration.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Energy production methods that do not involve oxygen, mainly employed by bacteria in oxygen-poor environments.
- Fermentation: Inefficient energy generation used when anaerobic pathways are necessary or ATP is needed rapidly without oxygen.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- Energy enters ecosystems as sunlight and exits as heat.
- Key Energy-Storing Molecule: Glucose is essential for energy storage in biological systems.
Key Equations
- Photosynthesis Equation: 6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
- Respiration Equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Electron Transfer and Energy
- Oxidized: A substance that has lost electrons, whereas a Reduced substance has gained electrons.
- Dehydrogenation Reactions: Transfer hydrogen to NAD+ or FAD during redox reactions.
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: Direct phosphorylation of ADP or GDP through coupled reactions.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Four Stages: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis Location: Occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.
- Products of Glycolysis: Breaks glucose down into two pyruvate molecules, yielding two ATP.
Pathways and Processes
- Energy Investment Phase: Consumes two ATPs to yield two G3P molecules.
- Energy Payoff Phase: Produces four ATPs, along with two Pyruvates and NADH.
- Pyruvate Oxidation: Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Krebs Cycle
- Alternative Names: Citric Acid Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, TCA Cycle.
- Krebs Cycle Location: Takes place in the mitochondria, producing two ATP molecules per cycle.
- FAD Reduction: FAD is reduced to FADH2 during the Krebs Cycle.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Involves the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis, regenerating the energy charge of NADH and FADH2.
- ATP Production: 32-34 ATP molecules produced due to the proton gradient established during this process.
- Location of ETC: Takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria, where H+ ions accumulate in the intermembrane space.
Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis
- ATP Synthase: Enzyme allowing transportation of protons down the concentration gradient to synthesize ATP.
- Efficiencies of Electron Carriers: Oxidation of NADH yields approximately 3 ATP, while oxidation of FADH2 yields about 2 ATP.
Final Electron Acceptor
- Oxygen (O2): Serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, completing the respiration process.
Metabolic Control
- Feedback Inhibition: A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme within that pathway.
- Phosphofructokinase: Acts as a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis, influencing the pathway based on cellular energy demands.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on cellular respiration concepts from Biology Chapter 9. Learn the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, along with their implications for various organisms. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of key biological processes.