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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?
What is the correct order of processes involved in respiration?
What is the correct order of processes involved in respiration?
Which structure is responsible for filtering, warming, and moistening air entering the respiratory system?
Which structure is responsible for filtering, warming, and moistening air entering the respiratory system?
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What are the primary components of the respiratory zone?
What are the primary components of the respiratory zone?
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Which part of the pharynx is a common passage for both air and food?
Which part of the pharynx is a common passage for both air and food?
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What is the primary function of the larynx?
What is the primary function of the larynx?
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Which of the following functions does the paranasal sinuses NOT serve?
Which of the following functions does the paranasal sinuses NOT serve?
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Which muscle structure continues with the esophagus and serves as a passageway for air?
Which muscle structure continues with the esophagus and serves as a passageway for air?
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Which structure lies directly behind the laryngeal cavity?
Which structure lies directly behind the laryngeal cavity?
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How many incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage does the trachea have?
How many incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage does the trachea have?
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What differentiates the right lung from the left lung?
What differentiates the right lung from the left lung?
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What prevents food from entering the larynx?
What prevents food from entering the larynx?
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What is the anatomical position of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
What is the anatomical position of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
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Which type of bronchi are found in the conducting zone?
Which type of bronchi are found in the conducting zone?
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What separates the lungs from each other?
What separates the lungs from each other?
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Study Notes
Respiration
- Respiration is the process of breathing.
- It involves two phases:
- Inspiration: Taking in oxygen
- Expiration: Disposing of carbon dioxide
Function of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
- This occurs through three main processes:
- Pulmonary ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- External respiration: Oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs.
- Internal respiration: Oxygen moves from the blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide moves from tissue cells to the blood.
Respiratory System Structures
- The respiratory system includes:
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and their branches
- Lungs
Functional Divisions of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system is divided into two functional zones:
-
Conducting zone: Carries air to the sites of gas exchange. This zone includes:
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
-
Respiratory zone: The site of gas exchange. This zone includes:
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
-
Conducting zone: Carries air to the sites of gas exchange. This zone includes:
Nose
- Air entering the nose is filtered by hairs and moistened by mucus.
- Air can also enter the body through the mouth cavity.
Nasal Cavity
- Located above the oral cavity, separated by the hard palate.
- Filters, warms, and moistens air.
Para-Nasal Sinuses
- Functions:
- Reduce skull weight
- Provide resonance for voice
- Includes:
- Maxillary sinus
- Frontal sinus
- Ethmoidal sinus
- Sphenoidal sinus
- These sinuses open into the nasal cavity (meatuses).
Pharynx
- A muscular tube that continues with the esophagus.
- Divided into three parts:
-
Nasopharynx:
- Contains the opening of the Eustachian (auditory) tube.
- Contains the pharyngeal tonsil, which when inflamed is called an adenoid.
-
Oropharynx:
- Common passage for air and food.
- Lies behind the mouth cavity.
- Contains the palatine tonsil on its lateral wall.
-
Laryngopharynx:
- Lies behind the laryngeal cavity.
-
Nasopharynx:
Larynx
- Connects the pharynx above with the trachea below.
- Functions:
- Production of sound (voice box)
- Composed of:
- Cartilages
- Ligaments
- Muscles
- Mucous membrane
Air Flow - Larynx
- Air from the pharynx enters the larynx.
- The epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx.
The Glottis
- The opening between the vocal cords.
Movements of Vocal Cords
- The vocal cords can move to produce sound and regulate airflow.
Trachea
- Held open by incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage (about 16-20).
- Divides at the level of the sternal angle (angle of Louis) T5 into the right and left main bronchus.
- Relations:
- Anterior: Thyroid - isthmus and arch of aorta
- Posterior: esophagus
Bronchi
- Trachea divides into main bronchi, which further divide into:
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
Distal Respiratory Tract
- Includes bronchioles and alveoli.
Alveoli
- Small air sacs where gas exchange takes place.
- Surrounded by capillaries.
Lungs
- Located on each side of the heart, inside the chest cavity.
- Separated from each other by:
- Heart and its large vessels
- Trachea
- Esophagus
Differences between the Right and Left Lungs
-
Right lung:
- Has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower)
- Has two fissures (horizontal and oblique)
- Short, wide, and has no cardiac notch
- No lingula
-
Left lung:
- Has two lobes (upper and lower)
- Has one fissure (oblique)
- Long, thin, and has a cardiac notch
- Has a lingula
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Description
This quiz explores the essential processes involved in respiration, including inspiration and expiration. Understand the function of the respiratory system, its structures, and the phases of gas exchange. Test your knowledge on how the body utilizes oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide.
