Respiration Overview and Anatomy
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • Regulates body temperature
  • Exchanges gases (correct)
  • Circulating blood
  • Breaking down food

    • Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the lung tissues and blood.

    False

    Name the three steps of respiration in the human body.

    Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

    The part of the respiratory system that directs air toward the respiratory zone is known as the __________ zone.

    <p>conducting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their classifications:

    <p>Nose = Upper respiratory system Trachea = Lower respiratory system Alveoli = Respiratory zone Pharynx = Upper respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External respiration occurs at the alveoli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The larynx consists of 12 rings of cartilage that support its structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tonsils?

    <p>To trap pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasal cavity is divided into left and right halves by the nasal ________.

    <p>septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing.

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their corresponding features:

    <p>Nasal cavity = Contains olfactory epithelium Trachea = Lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium Larynx = Contains vocal folds Bronchi = Branch into lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the ridge where the trachea splits into the bronchi?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The true vocal cords are responsible for producing sounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is kept _______ by rings of cartilage.

    <p>patent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are responsible for permitting passage of various vessels into the lungs?

    <p>Hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left lung is smaller than the right lung due to the presence of the cardiac notch.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>It reduces surface tension to prevent the collapse of alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

    <p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lung components with their descriptions:

    <p>Type I alveolar cells = Facilitates gas diffusion Type II alveolar cells = Secretes surfactant Alveolar ducts = Branches from respiratory bronchioles Respiratory membrane = Site of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are primarily involved in the gas exchange process?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary arteries bring oxygenated blood to the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pleural fluid?

    <p>To reduce friction and provide surface tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gases diffuse from areas of high _____ to areas of low _____.

    <p>partial pressure, partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can compromise airway patency?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects hemoglobin saturation the most?

    <p>Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) has a lower affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (Hb-A).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased acidity in blood decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hemoglobin with their characteristics:

    <p>Hb-A = Adult hemoglobin with normal oxygen affinity Hb-F = Fetal hemoglobin with higher oxygen affinity Carbaminohemoglobin = Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide Bicarbonate = Main form of carbon dioxide transported in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary action does the diaphragm perform during inhalation?

    <p>It depresses by 1 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exhalation, the thoracic cavity volume increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does surfactant play in ventilation?

    <p>It reduces surface tension in the lungs, aiding breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the diaphragm is to assist in __________ during breathing.

    <p>inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to gas exchange with their correct definitions:

    <p>External respiration = Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood Internal respiration = Exchange of gases between blood and tissues Partial pressure gradient = Difference in pressure that drives gas diffusion Compliance = Distensibility of elastic tissues in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pressure is found within the pleural cavity?

    <p>Negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased airway resistance occurs with larger diameters of airways.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) during exercise?

    <p>It decreases in the alveoli compared to rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas diffusion is governed primarily by the __________ of gases.

    <p>partial pressure gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin?

    <p>98.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

    <p>Filters and humidifies air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external nares are the openings through which air exits the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs during internal respiration?

    <p>Gas exchange between blood and body's tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the respiratory system responsible for vocal sounds is the __________.

    <p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Nasal cavity = Filters inhaled air Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Trachea = Air passage to the lungs Pharynx = Connects the nasal cavity and the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Exchange gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper respiratory system includes the trachea and lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

    <p>To swirl inhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The olfactory epithelium contains goblet cells for mucus production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing?

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their primary functions:

    <p>Nasal cavity = Swirls and filters air Larynx = Produces sound Trachea = Conducts air to the bronchi Pharynx = Passage for air and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are involved in the cough reflex?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The true vocal cords are situated superior to the false vocal cords.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue lines the oropharynx?

    <p>non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ separates the left and right halves of the nasal cavity.

    <p>septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Thyroid cartilage = Forms the anterior surface of the larynx Vestibular folds = False vocal cords Cricoid cartilage = Landmark for tracheotomies Terminal bronchioles = End of the bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides space for the heart and decreases the size of the left lung?

    <p>Cardiac notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the alveoli secrete surfactant?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ divides the lung into lobes.

    <p>fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their corresponding features:

    <p>Lobar bronchi = Named after the lobes they branch into Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Pleural fluid = Reduces friction between pleural membranes Diaphragm = Primary muscle of inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of pleural fluid?

    <p>It reduces friction between the pleural membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mediastinum separates the lungs and contains vital organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of a passageway to remain unobstructed?

    <p>Patency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inferior portion of the lungs is called the __________.

    <p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of bronchi with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Segmental bronchi = Support bronchopulmonary segments Lobar bronchi = Branch into segments based on lung lobes Bronchial arteries = Deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissues Pulmonary arteries = Transport deoxygenated blood for oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

    <p>High partial pressure of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) binds to 23% of carbon dioxide in the same way as adult hemoglobin (Hb-A).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average percentage saturation of hemoglobin if each hemoglobin has two O2 atoms bound?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as __________.

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effects on hemoglobin:

    <p>Partial Pressure of Oxygen = Increased saturation of Hb Blood pH = Decreased affinity for O2 with lower pH Temperature = Increased release of O2 to tissues 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate = Decreased affinity for O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of inhaled air is attributed to diaphragm depression during deep inhalation?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation is an active process that requires effort from respiratory muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure within the pleural cavity?

    <p>negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of gases during gas exchange occurs from areas of high ________ pressure to areas of low pressure.

    <p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Compliance = Distensibility of elastic tissues COPD = Obstruction or collapse of airways Surfactant deficiency = Difficulty breathing due to increased surface tension Pleural effusion = Accumulation of pleural fluid in the cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is 24 times more soluble in water than oxygen?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larger diameter airways result in increased resistance to airflow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>Transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During internal respiration, ________ moves from tissues into the blood.

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would likely result in low lung compliance?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration Overview

    • Respiration is the process of acquiring oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.
    • Three steps occur in the human body:
      • Pulmonary ventilation: Gas exchange between the atmosphere and lung tissues.
      • External respiration: Gas exchange between lung tissues and blood.
      • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.
    • Functions of the respiratory system:
      • Exchanging gases.
      • Regulating blood pH.
      • Allowing for vocal sounds and the sense of smell, filtering inhaled air, and excreting wastes during exhalation.
      • The scientific and medical study of the respiratory system is called otorhinolaryngology.
    • Cells require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration.

    Anatomy of the Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is structurally divided into upper and lower respiratory systems.
    • The upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
    • The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
    • Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone.
      • The conducting zone directs air towards the respiratory zone, filtering, warming, and humidifying the air.
      • The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange.

    Upper Respiratory System

    • Nose: Composed of bone, cartilage, and connective tissues containing the nasal cavity. Air enters through the external nares (nostrils).
    • Nasal Cavity: Bounded by oral cavity and nasal bones. Structure keeps passages unobstructed. Divided by the nasal septum. Contains:
      • The paranasal sinus (mucus membranes that vibrate to permit speech).
      • Nasal conchae (swirl inhaled air).
      • Olfactory epithelium (sensory receptors for smell, no goblet cells).
    • Pharynx: A tube of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane, connecting to the cricoid cartilage.
      • Divided into nasopharynx (superior), oropharynx (intermediate), and laryngopharynx (inferior).

    Larynx

    • Nine rings of cartilage form the larynx.
      • Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple): Hyaline cartilage forming the anterior surface of the larynx. Larger in males.
      • Epiglottis: A flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx opening during swallowing.
      • Cricoid cartilage: Ring of hyaline cartilage at the inferior portion of the larynx, a landmark for tracheotomies.
    • Vocal folds (true vocal cords): Folds of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forming elastic ligaments. Vibrate with air to produce sound. Muscles and cartilage control tension to change pitch.
    • Vestibular folds (false vocal cords): Superior folds that come together when holding breath.

    Trachea

    • A 2.5 cm wide x 12 cm long tube.
    • 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage connected by dense connective tissue to keep it patent.
    • Anterior to the esophagus.
    • Lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

    Bronchi

    • The trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi.
      • Carina: Ridge at branchpoint, sensitive, triggers cough reflex.
    • Branches into progressively smaller tubes called the bronchial tree that end in terminal bronchioles.
    • The supporting cartilage and proportion of smooth muscle changes throughout the bronchial tree

    Lungs

    • Wrapped in pleural membrane (two serous membranes with a pleural cavity containing fluid to reduce friction).
    • Lungs are separated by the mediastinum and its organs.
    • Extend from the clavicles to the diaphragm.
    • Separated into lobes by fissures (oblique and horizontal).
      • Lobar bronchi (e.g., superior, middle, inferior) and segmental bronchi (13 in the right lung, 8 in the left lung) direct air into the individual bronchopulmonary segments, further subdivided into lobules.
      • Each lobule contains a terminal bronchiole, arteriole, venule, lymphatic vessel and surrounding elastic connective tissue.
    • Respiratory bronchioles are microscopic bronchial branches that lead to alveolar ducts, with the alveoli (air sacs) for gas exchange.
    • Alveoli structure: Type I cells (simple squamous epithelium, thin for diffusion), Type II cells (non-ciliated cuboidal, secrete surfactant to prevent sticking).
    • Respiratory membrane: The very thin membrane (0.5 μm) separating alveoli and capillaries.

    Blood Supply to Lungs

    • Pulmonary arteries: Bring deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated.
    • Bronchial arteries: Branch from the aorta, deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue.

    Gas Exchange and Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation (inhalation and exhalation) leads to gas exchange at the alveoli.
    • Regulated by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity requiring respiratory muscle contraction.
    • Inhalation (inspiration):
      • Lungs expand, decreasing pressure below atmospheric pressure causing air to flow in down its partial pressure gradient.
      • The diaphragm contracts and the external intercostal muscles contract , increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
    • Exhalation (expiration): A passive process. relaxation of muscles, stretches elastic lungs, increasing pressure, causing air to flow out.

    Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Surfactant: Essential for ventilation, helps prevent alveolar collapse.
    • Lung compliance: Distensibility of lung tissue, resistance to change in volume.
    • Airway resistance: Affected by airway diameter and smooth muscle activity.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • Lung volumes are specific measures of air movement.
    • Lung capacities are sums of lung volumes.

    Mechanisms of Gas Exchange

    • Gases move down their partial pressure gradients (high to low).
    • External respiration (alveoli to blood, PO2 in alveoli lower, PO2 in blood in high, thus the gradient is in favor for oxygen moving into the blood).
    • Internal respiration (blood to tissues, PO2 in the blood is high and PO2 in tissues is low, thus the gradient is in favor for oxygen moving out of the blood into the tissues).

    Oxygen Transport

    • Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells.
    • Saturation of Hb is affected by factors like PO2, blood acidity, PCO2, temperature, and type of Hb.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • CO2 is transported dissolved in blood, bound to Hb, or as bicarbonate.
    • The chloride shift maintains electrical balance.

    Regulation of Breathing

    • The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and pons regulates breathing.
      • Medullary respiratory group (DRG) and (VRG) regulate breathing.
      • Pontine respiratory group influences normal breathing rate.
    • Chemoreceptors sense changes in blood gases and pH, influencing respiratory rate.
      • Central chemoreceptors located near medulla oblongata monitor PCO2+H+ in cerebrospinal fluid.
      • Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies monitor blood-PCO2+pH, affecting respiratory rate adjustments.
    • The inflation reflex provides feedback to moderate breathing.
    • External factors influence respiratory rate.

    Homeostatic Imbalances

    • Smoking can impair respiratory function.

    Exercise and Respiration

    • Exercise increases pulmonary perfusion & ventilation.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental aspects of respiration and the anatomy of the respiratory system. This quiz covers gas exchange processes, the division of the respiratory system, and its functions in the human body. Test your knowledge on how oxygen plays a vital role in cellular respiration.

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