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Questions and Answers
What primarily regulates the rate of respiration?
What primarily regulates the rate of respiration?
- Carbon dioxide concentrations (correct)
- Oxygen levels in the bloodstream
- Atmospheric pressure variations
- Lung volume changes
What occurs during expiration in the respiratory process?
What occurs during expiration in the respiratory process?
- Lung pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
- Air is drawn into the lungs
- Lung pressure rises above atmospheric pressure (correct)
- Oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream
What condition is characterized by difficulty exhaling air from the lungs?
What condition is characterized by difficulty exhaling air from the lungs?
- Pneumonia
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Emphysema (correct)
What is the normal tidal volume of air during quiet breathing?
What is the normal tidal volume of air during quiet breathing?
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of atmospheric pressure on respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of atmospheric pressure on respiration?
Which respiratory condition is characterized by a decreased rate and depth of respiration?
Which respiratory condition is characterized by a decreased rate and depth of respiration?
Which condition is most likely associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Which condition is most likely associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
What respiratory condition improves when a person changes from lying down to sitting or standing?
What respiratory condition improves when a person changes from lying down to sitting or standing?
Identify the respiratory condition indicated by rapid breathing.
Identify the respiratory condition indicated by rapid breathing.
Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with gasping respirations?
Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with gasping respirations?
What is the total lung capacity of an average adult?
What is the total lung capacity of an average adult?
Which respiratory condition is characterized by a cyclical pattern of deep and shallow breathing followed by periods of apnea?
Which respiratory condition is characterized by a cyclical pattern of deep and shallow breathing followed by periods of apnea?
Which of the following volumes represents the amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration with maximum effort?
Which of the following volumes represents the amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration with maximum effort?
What role does the pleural cavity play during pulmonary ventilation?
What role does the pleural cavity play during pulmonary ventilation?
What happens in the pleural cavity that could lead to pneumothorax?
What happens in the pleural cavity that could lead to pneumothorax?
How much air remains in the lungs after a forced expiration, known as the residual volume?
How much air remains in the lungs after a forced expiration, known as the residual volume?
Which of the following best describes apnea?
Which of the following best describes apnea?
During inspiration, which action do the external intercostal muscles perform?
During inspiration, which action do the external intercostal muscles perform?
What is the primary muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation?
What is the primary muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation?
What occurs during the process of expiration?
What occurs during the process of expiration?
What range of normal respiratory rates is typically observed in adults?
What range of normal respiratory rates is typically observed in adults?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for initiating deep inspiration?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for initiating deep inspiration?
Which statement accurately describes the role of the medulla in breathing?
Which statement accurately describes the role of the medulla in breathing?
What is the function of the accessory muscles of respiration?
What is the function of the accessory muscles of respiration?
How do the internal intercostals function during inspiration?
How do the internal intercostals function during inspiration?
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Study Notes
Respiration
- Cerebral cortex allows voluntary control of breathing rate and rhythm.
- Carbon dioxide is the primary regulator of respiration.
- Atmospheric pressure drives respiration.
- Inspiration occurs when lung pressure drops below atmospheric pressure.
- Expiration occurs when lung pressure rises above atmospheric pressure.
- Surfactant is essential for proper lung development, and its absence can lead to respiratory difficulties in premature infants.
- Emphysema, a form of COPD, involves difficulty exhaling due to damaged lung tissue.
- Barrel chest, a sign of chronic lung disease, can be caused by smoking and air pollution.
- Spirometers are used to measure lung function.
- Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing (approximately 500mL).
Breathing Mechanism
- Inspiration:
- Internal intercostal muscles elevate ribs.
- Diaphragm contracts, flattens, and drops, increasing the thoracic cavity volume.
- Air rushes into the lungs to equalize pressure.
- Expiration:
- Intercostal muscles relax, pulling ribs downward.
- Diaphragm relaxes, bulging upward and shrinking the thoracic cavity.
- Air is pushed out of the lungs.
- Accessory muscles assist with forced or labored breathing.
- Deep inspiration: Uses neck muscles.
- Forced expiration: Uses abdominal muscles.
Neural Control of Breathing
- Breathing muscles require nervous stimulation to contract.
- Medulla oblongata contains the respiratory centers.
- Inspiratory center controls inspiration and indirectly regulates expiration.
- Expiratory center helps with forceful expiration.
- Pons contains centers that influence breathing rhythm.
Respiratory Conditions
- Hypoventilation: Reduced breathing rate and depth.
- Kussmaul Respiration: Deep, gasping breaths associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Orthopnea: Difficult breathing when lying flat, improving with sitting or standing.
- Tachypnea: Rapid breathing.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Maximum air inhaled after normal inspiration (3000mL).
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum air exhaled after normal expiration (1200mL).
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration (1300mL).
- Vital Capacity (VC): Total air inhaled and exhaled with maximum effort (4700mL).
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Maximum air lungs can hold (VC + RV) (6000mL).
Common Respiratory Terms
- Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing.
- Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing.
- Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: Cyclical breathing pattern with increasing and decreasing rate and depth, followed by apnea.
- Dyspnea: Labored or difficult breathing.
- Hyperpnea: Increased breathing rate often due to exercise.
- Hyperventilation: Increased breathing rate leading to lowered blood carbon dioxide levels, often caused by anxiety.
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pleural Cavity:
- Space between visceral and parietal pleurae.
- Contains lubricating fluid.
- Has lower pressure than atmospheric pressure, helping inflate the lungs.
- Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs due to loss of negative pressure.
- Inspiration:
- External intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity.
- Diaphragm contracts, pulling air into the lungs.
- Expiration:
- Normal respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths per minute.
- Lung expansion and contraction depend on trunk muscles.
- Diaphragm is key for pulmonary ventilation.
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