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Questions and Answers
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Anecdotal evidence = A piece of biased evidence used to support a conclusion Causality = Determination that one variable causes an effect Correlation = Measure of relatedness of two or more variables Data = Information systematically collected for analysis
Match the following reasoning types with their descriptions:
Match the following reasoning types with their descriptions:
Deductive reasoning = Interpretation based on a general premise Induction = Drawing general conclusions from specific observations Inductive reasoning = Inferring a general conclusion from a set of observations Empirical = Concerned with observation and verification of a claim
Match the statistical terms with their definitions:
Match the statistical terms with their definitions:
Distribution = Relative frequency of values for a variable Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST) = Test to determine chance occurrence of results Probability = Degree of certainty of occurrence of an event Probability values = Threshold for determining chance occurrence
Match the following research concepts with their explanations:
Match the following research concepts with their explanations:
Match the following components of scientific reasoning with their characteristics:
Match the following components of scientific reasoning with their characteristics:
Match the following terms with their mathematical or logical implications:
Match the following terms with their mathematical or logical implications:
Match the following reasoning types with examples:
Match the following reasoning types with examples:
Match the following scientific concepts with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the following scientific concepts with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the concepts with their definitions:
Match the concepts with their definitions:
Match the principles with their descriptions:
Match the principles with their descriptions:
Match the effects with their characteristics:
Match the effects with their characteristics:
Match the terms with their examples or outcomes:
Match the terms with their examples or outcomes:
Match the terms with their implications:
Match the terms with their implications:
Match the concepts with their psychological theories:
Match the concepts with their psychological theories:
Match the phenomena with their psychological effects:
Match the phenomena with their psychological effects:
Match the behavioral concepts with their scenarios:
Match the behavioral concepts with their scenarios:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following statistical errors with their descriptions:
Match the following statistical errors with their descriptions:
Match the classical conditioning concepts with their meanings:
Match the classical conditioning concepts with their meanings:
Match the terms related to operant conditioning:
Match the terms related to operant conditioning:
Match the following concepts with their definitions in behavioral learning:
Match the following concepts with their definitions in behavioral learning:
Match the different types of conditioning with their descriptions:
Match the different types of conditioning with their descriptions:
Match the concept with its psychological relevance:
Match the concept with its psychological relevance:
Match terms related to cognitive learning concepts:
Match terms related to cognitive learning concepts:
Match the behavioral phenomena with their explanations:
Match the behavioral phenomena with their explanations:
Match the types of responses in classical conditioning:
Match the types of responses in classical conditioning:
Match the associative learning terms with their implications:
Match the associative learning terms with their implications:
Match the behavioral processes with their descriptions:
Match the behavioral processes with their descriptions:
Match the definitions with the related concepts:
Match the definitions with the related concepts:
Match the classical conditioning terms with their outcomes:
Match the classical conditioning terms with their outcomes:
Match the learning types with their characteristics:
Match the learning types with their characteristics:
Which term describes a piece of biased evidence drawn from personal experience?
Which term describes a piece of biased evidence drawn from personal experience?
What is the main purpose of a hypothesis in research?
What is the main purpose of a hypothesis in research?
What does 'inductive reasoning' involve in the context of research?
What does 'inductive reasoning' involve in the context of research?
What concept refers to the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted?
What concept refers to the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted?
In statistics, what does a probability value indicate?
In statistics, what does a probability value indicate?
What is the primary role of 'deductive reasoning' in scientific thinking?
What is the primary role of 'deductive reasoning' in scientific thinking?
What does the term 'population' refer to in research?
What does the term 'population' refer to in research?
What does 'correlation' measure in statistics?
What does 'correlation' measure in statistics?
What is the effect of a punisher in behavioral learning?
What is the effect of a punisher in behavioral learning?
What does the quantitative law of effect state about reinforcers?
What does the quantitative law of effect state about reinforcers?
In taste aversion learning, what causes an organism to reject a specific taste?
In taste aversion learning, what causes an organism to reject a specific taste?
What is the renewal effect in the context of conditioning?
What is the renewal effect in the context of conditioning?
What best describes vicarious reinforcement?
What best describes vicarious reinforcement?
What defines spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What defines spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Which statement accurately represents a social model in social learning theory?
Which statement accurately represents a social model in social learning theory?
What is an unconditioned response (UR) in terms of classical conditioning?
What is an unconditioned response (UR) in terms of classical conditioning?
What characterizes a pseudoscience?
What characterizes a pseudoscience?
What is a Type I error in statistics?
What is a Type I error in statistics?
In classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
In classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Which of the following best describes extinction in learning theories?
Which of the following best describes extinction in learning theories?
What does the law of effect state?
What does the law of effect state?
What constitutes a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning?
What constitutes a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning?
What is the role of prediction error in classical conditioning?
What is the role of prediction error in classical conditioning?
What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?
What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?
What is a conditioned compensatory response?
What is a conditioned compensatory response?
What does observational learning emphasize?
What does observational learning emphasize?
What is the role of context in learning?
What is the role of context in learning?
What best defines goal-directed behavior?
What best defines goal-directed behavior?
In the context of classical conditioning, what is blocking?
In the context of classical conditioning, what is blocking?
Which statement about preparedness in learning is true?
Which statement about preparedness in learning is true?
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Study Notes
Vocabulary Definitions
- Anecdotal evidence: Biased information derived from personal experiences, potentially supporting incorrect conclusions.
- Causality: Establishes one variable as a cause of an effect in research.
- Correlation: Statistical measure indicating the relationship between two or more variables.
- Data (observations): Information gathered systemically for analysis and interpretation in research.
- Deductive reasoning: Reasoning where a general premise determines specific observations.
- Distribution: Frequency of occurrence for particular values of a variable in statistics.
- Empirical: Concerned with observable evidence capable of verification.
- Fact: Objective information reflecting reality.
- Falsify: The capacity of a claim to be tested and potentially disproven; key feature of scientific claims.
- Generalize: Extending study conclusions to groups or situations not included in the original research.
- Hypothesis: A testable tentative explanation for a phenomenon.
- Induction: Drawing general conclusions from specific instances.
- Inductive reasoning: Inferring general conclusions from observed specifics, such as behaviors leading to broader insights (like dangers of texting while driving).
- Levels of analysis: Various perspectives and explanations complementing scientific understanding.
- Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST): Statistical testing assessing the probability of obtaining a result under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
- Objective: Free from personal bias or influence.
- Population: The complete group being studied, e.g., all left-handed individuals.
- Probability: Likelihood of an event occurring.
- Probability values: Thresholds used to determine if a value is statistically significant or due to chance.
- Pseudoscience: Claims presented as scientific but lacking empirical support, such as astrology vs. astronomy.
- Representative: A sample that accurately reflects the population from which it is derived.
- Sample: A subset chosen from a population for study.
- Scientific theory: A well-supported explanation for observed phenomena, consistent and predictive.
- Type I error: Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis.
- Type II error: Incorrectly failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
- Value: A belief or principle regarding how things ought to be.
Conditioning Concepts
- Blocking: In classical conditioning, the inability to condition a stimulus due to prior associations with another stimulus.
- Classical conditioning: Learning procedure where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response.
- Conditioned compensatory response: A response opposing the unconditioned response, often seen with drug use.
- Conditioned response (CR): Response produced by the conditioned stimulus following conditioning.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Context: Background stimuli present during learning, including physical and internal factors such as moods.
- Discriminative stimulus: Signals when an operant response will be reinforced in operant conditioning.
- Extinction: Reduction in learned behavior when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus or behavior is no longer reinforced.
- Fear conditioning: Associating a conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus, leading to fear response formation.
- Goal-directed behavior: Actions influenced by knowledge of consequences and their current value.
- Habit: Automatic behavior triggered by stimuli, unaffected by the knowledge of reinforcer value.
- Instrumental conditioning (Operant conditioning): Learning about behavior outcomes through rewards or punishments.
- Law of effect: Operant behaviors influenced by the positive or negative consequences they produce.
- Observational learning: Learning behaviors by watching others.
- Operant: Behavior controlled by its outcomes.
- Prediction error: Discrepancy between expected and actual outcomes during conditioning, crucial for learning.
- Preparedness: Evolutionary predisposition facilitating certain learned associations.
- Punisher: Stimulus that reduces the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
- Quantitative law of effect: Effectiveness of a reinforcer depends on context with other behaviors present.
- Reinforcer: Any outcome that strengthens a behavior or increases its recurrence likelihood.
- Reinforcer devaluation effect: Reduced instrumental responses when reinforcement is made undesirable.
- Renewal effect: Recovery of an extinguished response due to changes in context.
- Social Learning Theory: Concept that new behaviors can be learned by observing others' experiences.
- Social models: Influential figures whose behaviors are observed for learning.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished response after a break.
- Stimulus control: When behavior is regulated by preceding stimuli.
- Taste aversion learning: Learning where a taste is associated with illness, leading to avoidance.
- Unconditioned response (UR): Natural response to an unconditioned stimulus before conditioning.
- Unconditioned stimulus (US): Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response naturally.
- Vicarious reinforcement: Learning that occurs by observing the consequences of another's behavior.
Vocabulary Definitions
- Anecdotal evidence: Biased information derived from personal experiences, potentially supporting incorrect conclusions.
- Causality: Establishes one variable as a cause of an effect in research.
- Correlation: Statistical measure indicating the relationship between two or more variables.
- Data (observations): Information gathered systemically for analysis and interpretation in research.
- Deductive reasoning: Reasoning where a general premise determines specific observations.
- Distribution: Frequency of occurrence for particular values of a variable in statistics.
- Empirical: Concerned with observable evidence capable of verification.
- Fact: Objective information reflecting reality.
- Falsify: The capacity of a claim to be tested and potentially disproven; key feature of scientific claims.
- Generalize: Extending study conclusions to groups or situations not included in the original research.
- Hypothesis: A testable tentative explanation for a phenomenon.
- Induction: Drawing general conclusions from specific instances.
- Inductive reasoning: Inferring general conclusions from observed specifics, such as behaviors leading to broader insights (like dangers of texting while driving).
- Levels of analysis: Various perspectives and explanations complementing scientific understanding.
- Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST): Statistical testing assessing the probability of obtaining a result under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
- Objective: Free from personal bias or influence.
- Population: The complete group being studied, e.g., all left-handed individuals.
- Probability: Likelihood of an event occurring.
- Probability values: Thresholds used to determine if a value is statistically significant or due to chance.
- Pseudoscience: Claims presented as scientific but lacking empirical support, such as astrology vs. astronomy.
- Representative: A sample that accurately reflects the population from which it is derived.
- Sample: A subset chosen from a population for study.
- Scientific theory: A well-supported explanation for observed phenomena, consistent and predictive.
- Type I error: Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis.
- Type II error: Incorrectly failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
- Value: A belief or principle regarding how things ought to be.
Conditioning Concepts
- Blocking: In classical conditioning, the inability to condition a stimulus due to prior associations with another stimulus.
- Classical conditioning: Learning procedure where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response.
- Conditioned compensatory response: A response opposing the unconditioned response, often seen with drug use.
- Conditioned response (CR): Response produced by the conditioned stimulus following conditioning.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Context: Background stimuli present during learning, including physical and internal factors such as moods.
- Discriminative stimulus: Signals when an operant response will be reinforced in operant conditioning.
- Extinction: Reduction in learned behavior when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus or behavior is no longer reinforced.
- Fear conditioning: Associating a conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus, leading to fear response formation.
- Goal-directed behavior: Actions influenced by knowledge of consequences and their current value.
- Habit: Automatic behavior triggered by stimuli, unaffected by the knowledge of reinforcer value.
- Instrumental conditioning (Operant conditioning): Learning about behavior outcomes through rewards or punishments.
- Law of effect: Operant behaviors influenced by the positive or negative consequences they produce.
- Observational learning: Learning behaviors by watching others.
- Operant: Behavior controlled by its outcomes.
- Prediction error: Discrepancy between expected and actual outcomes during conditioning, crucial for learning.
- Preparedness: Evolutionary predisposition facilitating certain learned associations.
- Punisher: Stimulus that reduces the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
- Quantitative law of effect: Effectiveness of a reinforcer depends on context with other behaviors present.
- Reinforcer: Any outcome that strengthens a behavior or increases its recurrence likelihood.
- Reinforcer devaluation effect: Reduced instrumental responses when reinforcement is made undesirable.
- Renewal effect: Recovery of an extinguished response due to changes in context.
- Social Learning Theory: Concept that new behaviors can be learned by observing others' experiences.
- Social models: Influential figures whose behaviors are observed for learning.
- Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished response after a break.
- Stimulus control: When behavior is regulated by preceding stimuli.
- Taste aversion learning: Learning where a taste is associated with illness, leading to avoidance.
- Unconditioned response (UR): Natural response to an unconditioned stimulus before conditioning.
- Unconditioned stimulus (US): Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response naturally.
- Vicarious reinforcement: Learning that occurs by observing the consequences of another's behavior.
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