Research Process and Designs
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the research process?

  • Selecting data collection methods
  • Formulating research aim, objectives and research questions
  • Conducting the literature review
  • Identifying a research problem (correct)

    • Which term refers to a specific group of people, facilities, or how technology is used in the business?

  • Population (correct)
  • Study group
  • Target group
  • Sample

    • What best describes a research hypothesis?

  • An educated guess based on previous research
  • A summary of the research findings
  • A statement of personal opinion
  • A tentative statement that can be tested empirically (correct)

    • In hypothesis testing, what is commonly referred to as the level of significance?

    <p>The probability of making a Type I error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an alternative hypothesis (H1)?

    <p>There is a positive correlation between hours of study and exam scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical significance level set at in hypothesis testing?

    <p>0.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate null hypothesis (H0) for a study examining the relationship between exercise frequency and weight loss?

    <p>Exercise frequency has no effect on weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of hypothesis in research?

    <p>Descriptive hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might the alternate hypothesis (Ha) state when testing a new training program's impact on productivity?

    <p>The new training program has improved employee productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of selecting a research design in the research process?

    <p>To plan the overall approach to the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a directional hypothesis?

    <p>It predicts the specific direction of the relationship between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kerlinger, research design is defined as:

    <p>A plan, structure, and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a large sample size in experimental research?

    <p>It makes it possible to use appropriate statistical analysis techniques to analyze the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the group not receiving the treatment in an experimental design?

    <p>Control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exploratory research design utilizes a variety of techniques, including surveys and literature reviews, and what else?

    <p>Case studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic signifies a well-designed research study?

    <p>Appropriateness of methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design is most suitable for studying the impact of a new teaching method on student learning outcomes?

    <p>Experimental research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a cross-sectional research design?

    <p>Data is collected at one point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not classified as a type of research design?

    <p>Probability design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of determining the dependent variable in experimental research?

    <p>To measure the outcome influenced by the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding descriptive research design?

    <p>It provides insights on the status of a phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research that yields conclusions supported by verification through observation or experiment is referred to as:

    <p>Empirical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design involves preliminary data gathering through interviews and observations?

    <p>Exploratory research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes experimental research design from other types of research?

    <p>Random assignment of participants to conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reliability coefficient indicates the highest level of consistency?

    <p>0.90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Face validity is often assessed through which method?

    <p>Expert judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action would enhance the content validity of a newly developed questionnaire to measure anxiety levels in children?

    <p>Reviewing items with experts in child psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the group of individuals or items from which data is collected in statistics?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of appropriateness in research design?

    <p>Employing a design that aligns with research questions and objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inferential statistics enable researchers to determine?

    <p>Statistical significance of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes a sampling distribution?

    <p>The distribution of the sample means from multiple samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of a research design?

    <p>To select the appropriate research problem and hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The list of all individuals or items in a population from which a sample is drawn is called?

    <p>Sampling frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would qualitative data analysis techniques be appropriate?

    <p>When analyzing patterns in textual or visual data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of probability sampling?

    <p>It allows for generalization of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical technique is best suited to evaluate significant differences between means of groups?

    <p>Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sampling methods is most commonly used in qualitative research?

    <p>Convenience sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best characterizes a well-designed research study?

    <p>Alignment with research questions and objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does construct validity aim to ensure?

    <p>The test measures the theoretical construct it claims to evaluate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high Cronbach's alpha indicate about a test?

    <p>High internal consistency of the test items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Process

    • The first step in the research process is identifying a research problem based on personal and professional interests.
    • A research hypothesis is an educated guess based on previous research that can be tested empirically.
    • In hypothesis testing, the level of significance is the probability of making a Type I error.
    • An alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statement that predicts a relationship between variables.
    • The significance level in hypothesis testing is typically set at 0.05.
    • The null hypothesis (H0) is usually denoted by H0.
    • Directional hypotheses predict the specific direction of the relationship between variables.
    • Data analysis helps summarize and interpret collected data.
    • The purpose of selecting a research design is to plan the overall approach to the study.
    • Experimental research designs involve randomly assigning participants to different groups to minimize bias.

    Research Designs

    • Exploratory research utilizes techniques like surveys, literature reviews, and case studies to gather preliminary information.
    • A well-designed research study should be appropriate for the research question and objectives.
    • Inferential statistics help researchers determine whether results are statistically significant.
    • Qualitative data analysis techniques are used to find patterns, themes, or meanings in textual or visual data.
    • Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two or more groups.

    Validity & Reliability

    • Construct validity refers to the accuracy of a test in measuring the theoretical construct it claims to measure.
    • Face validity refers to the extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure.
    • A high coefficient of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) suggests strong internal consistency reliability
    • Face validity is often assessed through expert judgment.
    • Content validity is enhanced by reviewing the research questions with experts in the field.

    Sampling

    • A population is the group of individuals or items from which data is collected.
    • A sampling distribution is the distribution of the sample means obtained from multiple samples of the same size from the population.
    • A sampling frame is the list of all individuals or items in a population from which the sample is drawn.
    • The primary advantage of probability sampling is that it allows for generalization of findings to the population.
    • Convenience sampling is commonly used in qualitative research.
    • Probability sampling methods involve selecting individuals who have an equal chance of being selected.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential steps in the research process, including identifying research problems, formulating hypotheses, and understanding different research designs. Key concepts such as null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and data analysis techniques are explored to enhance your understanding of research methodologies.

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