Research Methods Quiz: Design & Consent
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of presenting a set of data?

  • Analyzing the relationship among variables
  • Determining correlation between variables
  • Presenting without comparing or determining differences (correct)
  • Comparing with other data sets

It is unnecessary for researchers to determine the level of measurement of quantitative data used in research.

False (B)

What type of research design is preferred for data exploration when uncertainty exists?

Exploratory Data Analysis

The blueprint of a research methodology serves as the overall ______ of the research.

<p>strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the steps in determining sample size using Slovin's formula:

<p>I. Identify the overall population = Step 1 II. Specify confidence level and margin of error = Step 2 III. Plug knowns to Slovin's formula = Step 3 IV. Round sample sizes appropriately = Step 4 V. Identify size of individual strata = Step 5 VI. Use proportional allocation = Step 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contexts should be considered in exploratory data analysis?

<p>It is used when it is not clear what to expect from the data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stratified sampling involves allocating the total sample proportionally among different strata.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research methodology, what role does a blueprint serve?

<p>It serves as the overall strategy of the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design should be used to analyze the academic struggle and scholastic achievement of students?

<p>Quantitative Survey (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Validity refers to the consistency of a measure across different occasions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arithmetic average of a set of data called?

<p>mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a researcher collects data using a series of questions, the research material they are using is called a _____.

<p>questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reliability refer to in the context of quantitative research?

<p>The consistency of a measure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research terms with their definitions:

<p>Validity = The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure Reliability = The consistency of a measure across different occasions External Validity = The extent to which results can be generalized to other situations Internal Validity = The degree to which the treatment influenced the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

External validity ensures that a study's findings can only be applied to the specific sample studied.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When measuring something, if the results closely correspond to real-world values, this is considered a method of _____ testing.

<p>construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of delaying enrollment at new sites according to the research process?

<p>To refine procedures and hypotheses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inferential data analysis is only used for descriptive statistics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statistical treatment is commonly used to measure the linear relationship between two variables?

<p>Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quantitative research often involves the use of __________ statistics to test hypotheses.

<p>inferential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the effects of different teaching methods is true based on the professor's findings?

<p>Method 1 resulted in significantly higher grades than Method 2 and Method 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the research methods with their purposes:

<p>t-test = Tests significant differences between means ANOVA = Compares means across multiple groups Correlation = Measures the strength of a linear relationship Regression = Predicts the value of one variable based on another</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methods are used for treatment of data in inferential statistics?

<p>t-test, ANOVA, and Chi-square test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using a scatter diagram is crucial before computing statistical treatments to determine linearity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exploration Data Analysis

A research design used when the expected data patterns are unclear. It involves using numerical and visual presentations to find inconsistencies in the data (missing values, unusual data points), and identify the distribution of data. It helps spot anomalies.

Research Methodology (Blueprint)

The overall strategy and plan for a research project. It's the blueprint that guides the entire process, outlining the approach.

Level of Measurement (Quantitative Data)

Understanding how quantitative data is measured (categorical or numerical). Different levels of measurement impact how data can be analyzed.

Probability Sampling (Stratified & Slovin's)

Sampling method where every member has a known probability of being selected. Stratified divides the population into subgroups (strata), and Slovin's formula calculates the sample size needed.

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Sample Size (Stratified)

Calculation of a representative number of individuals from a specified population divided into strata. This is done by proportional allocation to maintain a percentage distribution within the strata and meet a predetermined confidence level and margin of error.

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Slovin's Formula

Mathematical formula used to calculate an appropriate sample size based on given confidence level and margin of error in probability sampling, particularly when working with stratified samples.

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Stratified Sampling

A type of probability sampling that involves dividing a population into subgroups (or strata) and then taking a sample from each stratum.

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Proportional Allocation

Distributing the total sample size amongst different strata in the same proportions as they exist in the population.

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Sustainable vegetable farming

Farming that produces vegetables in a way that protects the environment and resources for the future.

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Quantitative Research Designs

Research approaches that use numerical data and statistical analysis to study relationships between variables.

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Validity

The accuracy of a measuring instrument in measuring what it is supposed to measure.

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Reliability

The consistency and repeatability of a measuring instrument.

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Arithmetic Mean

The average of a set of numbers, calculated by summing all the numbers and dividing by the count.

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Questionnaire

A research tool that systematically collects data from participants through a series of written questions.

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Method of testing

A method that accurately measures something and its results align with real-world values.

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Academic Struggle

Difficulties experienced by students in successfully completing their academic tasks or assignments.

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Inferential Data Analysis

Using statistical methods to test hypotheses and draw conclusions about a larger population based on a sample. It allows you to generalize findings beyond the specific data you collected.

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Types of Inferential Statistics

Specific methods within inferential data analysis used to test hypotheses about relationships and differences between variables. Examples include t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression.

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Descriptive Data Analysis

Summarizing and describing data using charts, tables, and basic statistical measures (average, spread, etc.). It provides an overview of the data's characteristics.

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Purpose of Data Analysis

To answer research questions by uncovering relationships between variables, describing data patterns, and making predictions about future outcomes. It helps you glean meaningful insights.

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Workplace Interview

A structured conversation conducted in a respondent's workplace to collect data for research purposes. It allows for observations of the work environment and allows you to gather insights related to the participant's job.

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Linear Relationship

A straight-line connection between two variables where changes in one variable are directly proportional to changes in the other. This relationship can be positive (both variables increase together) or negative (one increases while the other decreases).

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Scatter Diagram

A visual representation that displays the relationship between two variables by plotting data points on a graph. It helps you assess whether a linear relationship exists between the variables.

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Methodology

The systematic approach and methods used to collect, analyze, and interpret data for a research study. It outlines the logic behind your choices and how they contribute to the study's validity.

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Study Notes

Research Methods - 2 in 1 Activity

  • Correlational Research Design: Its goal is to determine if one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases, establishing an association between variables, and measuring variables as they occur.

  • Informed Consent: Essential for research involving underage participants, requiring voluntary agreements regarding their roles in the study along with full disclosure.

  • Data Collection Methods: Primary data sources like interviews, questionnaires, and tests are crucial for obtaining hard data in research.

  • Sampling Techniques: Stratified random sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and randomly selecting participants from each strata to ensure representation.

  • Variables Representation: Biological sex, political affiliation, and basketball fan affiliation are categorical variables, meaning they cannot be ordered.

  • Simple Random Sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. This involves techniques like fishbowl or roulette wheel selection, while ensuring the sample is representative of the population.

  • Research Instruments: Surveys, questionnaires, and observation sheets are common tools for collecting quantitative data.

  • Good Research Instruments: Key qualities include being short and complete, with logical question order and valid/reliable measures to gather the reader’s attention.

Research Intervention Process

  • Applying Intervention: The order for a research intervention process includes: writing the background information, explaining the basis of procedures, describing the intervention procedures, and then writing the differences and similarities between control and experimental groups.

  • Tabular Presentation of Data: Essential components for clear and organized tabular presentations include table numbers and titles; captions, subheads; and informative bodies.

  • Data Gathering Steps: Proper steps for data collection include determining sample size, prepping research instruments or tools, obtain consent for participants (adult or parent if minors) and pilot test if necessary.

Statistical Treatments

  • Statistical Comparison Method: In research comparing effectiveness of interventions, using a t-test (if comparing two groups) or ANOVA (if comparing more than two groups) is the effective method to determine significant differences between pre-test and post-test results.

  • Data Measurement: The measurement level (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio) influences which statistical methods are suitable for analyzing data.

  • Sampling Techniques (Example): Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method; it divides the population into subgroups based on characteristics, and random samples are taken from each subgroup. The sample size for the overall population can be determined using Slovin's formula, or by other means, to address the margin of error and confidence level.

  • Research Conclusion Structure: Conclusions necessitate clear, concise, and brief summaries of findings, avoiding unresolved issues or apologetic statements.

  • Variables: Understanding measurement levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is vital for appropriate statistical analysis.

  • Data Presentation: Data should be organized and visualized (using tables and graphs) to enhance clarity and understanding.

  • Data Analysis: Proper use of inferential statistics (such as t-tests, ANOVA) is necessary to draw conclusions from data collected in experiments.

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2 in 1 Activity and Pointers PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in research methods, focusing on correlational designs, informed consent, data collection methods, and sampling techniques. Dive into the intricacies of how variables are represented and the importance of ethical practices in research involving human subjects.

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