Research Methods Quiz: Data Types & Ethics

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes secondary data?

Raw, unanalyzed sensor readings from specific devices

Information derived from analysis of existing personal information or other sources. (correct)

Data obtained through personal interviews.

Data collected directly from first-hand experience.

What is the primary purpose of qualitative data?

To perform large-scale data cleaning and validation.

To quantify population demographics through a census.

To make predictions using statistical models.

To provide detailed insights into a specific group of participants. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a typical application of quantitative data?

Predicting future trends.

Identifying the motivations behind survey responses. (correct)

Improving process efficiency.

Describing large sample groups.

What would be an example of qualitative data generated by AI systems?

Analysis of natural language processing or computer vision. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pieces of information should be recorded when referencing a primary source observation?

Observer name, date and time of the observation and the location of the observation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between structured and unstructured interviews?

Structured interviews follow a specific set of questions, while unstructured interviews are more fluid and conversational. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of using both quantitative and qualitative data in a research project?

It can provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the research topic. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the census data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)?

To gather population, housing, and other demographics for understanding population characteristics and informing policy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered ethical principles that should be considered when interpreting information?

Justice, respect, and beneficence (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of data verification?

To ensure the data is accurate and free of transcription errors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of bias through timing?

Collecting data about consumer behavior solely during the pre-holiday sale period. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes data integrity?

The degree to which data is correct, relevant, and usable. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is relevant data important for decision making?

It supports the objectives of the analysis without misleading or distracting. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect data accessibility?

The clarity of the definitions of the data points. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does context play in the interpretation of data?

It provides background information to understand significance and limitations of the data. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'clear data'?

Data that is well defined and easy to analyze and use. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of data representation will Milorad use to present the internet usage statistics to the local council?

Column chart and scatter diagram (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'data integrity' refer to?

The correctness and accuracy of data (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'closed-ended question'?

A question limited to specific answers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a differential backup?

A backup that only copies altered files since the last full backup (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding the use of inaccurate or incomplete data?

It can lead to biased or unfair outcomes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does transparency play in ethical data management?

It helps in managing data ethically by specifying data use. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which data type can hold one of only two possible values, usually true or false?

Boolean data type (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of informed consent?

Documenting data ownership. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why might Milorad need permission to conduct his research?

To adhere to ethical standards (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bias' refer to in data analysis?

A tendency to favor one side over another (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical issue arises from the misuse of personal data and information?

Discrimination and profiling. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of failing to provide clear information to users about data use?

Erosion of user trust. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How should Milorad interpret the results regarding internet usage?

By identifying trends and relationships among countries (C) Signup and view all the answers

What ethical responsibility do organizations have regarding the data they manage?

They must ensure the data’s accuracy and completeness. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should data subjects be explicitly informed about regarding their data?

The potential future uses of their data. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises when artificial intelligence systems repurpose and share data without consent?

Violation of ethical standards. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of privacy laws in research?

To prevent inappropriate intrusion into individuals' lives (A) Signup and view all the answers

How should researchers store data collected during their research?

In a durable and securely accessible form (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which entity replaced the National Privacy Principles in Australia?

Australian Privacy Principles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does APP 2 allow individuals to do?

Use a pseudonym or different name in certain matters (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is required to verify users' rights to access a network?

A system of usernames and passwords (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does APP 11 require organizations to do regarding personal information?

Take reasonable steps to protect personal information (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of cloud-computing companies makes them different from traditional storage methods?

They provide off-site remote database storage (C) Signup and view all the answers

Under APP 6, when can personal information be used for a secondary purpose?

Only with consent from the individuals concerned (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)?

It samples many hundreds of millions of examples and establishes patterns. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause transcription errors when entering data into a computer?

Misreading information due to interruptions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is sample size important in data collection?

A larger sample size can lead to greater precision. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of having a respondent with a vested interest in a survey?

Bias can infiltrate the data collected. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does timing affect data collection?

Poor timing can lead to biased or skewed results. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of conducting interviews compared to surveys?

Interviews allow for in-depth follow-up and clarification questions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of data on the internet?

There is a plethora of unchecked information available online. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the American Psychological Association (APA) primarily assist with?

Supporting academic writing standards and style guidelines. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1 Introduction

VCE Applied Computing Unit 1 examines how software tools (like databases and spreadsheets) create data visualizations.
Programming languages are also studied.
The problem-solving methodology, analyzing data, and creating data visualizations are applied.
Different data types are acquired and manipulated in software tools.
Two outcomes are required.

Area of Study 1: Data Analysis

Outcome 1: Students will gather and organize data, analyze it, and present the findings as visualizations.
Data validation and appropriate formats and conventions must be applied to data visualizations.
Solution requirements and designs will be provided by the teacher.

Area of Study 2: Programming

Outcome 2: Students will design and develop software solutions using provided program requirements.
Validation, debugging, and testing are essential parts of development.
Programming languages will be used.

Chapter 1: Data Analysis

Key knowledge on qualitative and quantitative data types, relevant software tools, quality, and characteristics of data.
Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) for data management/communication, referencing primary and secondary data.
Students will respond to a teacher-provided analysis of requirements to identify, collect, analyze data, and present visualizations.
Chapters 1 and 2 cover the key knowledge to complete Unit 1, Outcome 1.
Interpret teacher-provided solution requirements; collect and manipulate data; analyze patterns and relationships; and develop visualizations to present findings.

Understanding Research

Theories are used to describe, explain, and predict events.
Research questions help narrow the focus of investigations.
Hypotheses are based on probabilities, tested by data collection tools (like surveys, interviews).
There are qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Quantitative data (numerical) is easier to graph, while qualitative data provides detailed insights.

Applied Computing VCE Units 1&2

SPSS and Minitab are statistical software used to analyze quantitative data from surveys or other methods.
NVivo is a software package for analyzing qualitative data (non-numerical).
Quantitative studies use surveys for large samples that provide statistical validity.
Qualitative studies provide richer, in-depth data but may not generalize to a wider population.

Data and Information

Data: Raw, unorganized facts, figures, and symbols.
Information: Data in a meaningful and useful form.
Primary data: First-hand accounts, such as interviews/questionnaires.
Secondary data: Processed or interpreted data (textbooks, websites, etc.).

Sources

Primary sources: First-hand accounts of a person, object, event (e.g., interviews, observations).
Secondary sources: Summarized or interpreted information from other sources (e.g., books, articles).

Techniques

Surveys contain questions directly related to the research questions, using scales/alternatives.
Interviews are used for in-depth, further questions (often conducted face-to-face).

Surveys

Common method for collecting data, gather information on attitudes, beliefs, or preferences.
Carefully designed to avoid misinterpretation or useless data.

Interviews

Used to collect data about opinions and beliefs in a relaxed atmosphere.
Can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

Data Collection Methods

Sensor data: Physical measurements (e.g., heart rate).
Surveys/Interveiws/Observation: Collecting data from people.

Quantitative/Qualitative Data

Quantitative Data: Data that is measurable or countable, used for numerical analysis, charts, and graphs.
Qualitative Data: Data about qualities or attributes, used for detailed descriptions of experiences or observations.

Data Types

Text: Character strings (e.g., names, addresses).
Numeric: Numbers (e.g., quantities, prices).
Boolean: Two possible values (e.g., true/false, yes/no).

Chapter 1 Data Analysis

Data integrity: The quality of data (crucial aspect), used to transform data into useful info (correct info = reliable information).
Data relevance: Data must be relevant to the question.
Data clarity: Data is clear and understandable, and free of ambiguity and bias, easy to use and analyze.
Data accuracy: Important to avoid issues of integrity, ensure accurate measurement, and maintain consistency.
Accessibility: Data must be accessible to the relevant people and in a usable format.

Context

Context is background information and circumstances (e.g., seasonality, recent events impacting data collection).
Context helps in understanding and interpreting data.
Important to avoid misunderstandings or misinterpretations.

Privacy

Privacy is upholding the privacy of research participants.
Preventing data misuse by people with access.
Personal identifiers (names, dates) that are associated with individuals should be removed.
De-identification must be comprehensive to protect individual identities.

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Description

Test your knowledge on research methods, focusing on the differences between qualitative and quantitative data, ethical principles, and data integrity. This quiz explores key concepts that are vital for conducting effective research. Perfect for students studying research methodologies.