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Questions and Answers

What does archival research primarily utilize to address research questions?

Experimental group findings

Real-time observational data

Past records or data sets (correct)

Current participant surveys

Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?

A directly manipulated variable in a study

A variable that is always controlled in experiments

An unanticipated variable affecting both variables of interest (correct)

A variable that shows a strong correlation with the dependent variable

In a double-blind study, who remains unaware of the group assignments?

Only the researchers

Only the participants

Both the researchers and the participants (correct)

Neither the researchers nor the participants

What is a key characteristic of a control group in research?

It serves as a basis for comparison Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the tendency to overlook evidence that contradicts one's beliefs?

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

How is the strength of the relationship between variables indicated in research?

Through the correlation coefficient Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential step in the debriefing process after an experiment involving deception?

Providing participants with complete and truthful information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the experimental group in research?

To test the effects of the independent variable Signup and view all the answers

What does the dependent variable in a study measure?

The effect of the independent variable Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'informed consent' primarily involve?

Informing participants about risks and obtaining their agreement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines an independent variable?

It is influenced or controlled by the experimenter Signup and view all the answers

What does generalization in research typically involve?

Making inferences about a larger population based on sample results Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To review research proposals involving human participants Signup and view all the answers

Inductive reasoning typically leads to what kind of conclusions?

Broad conclusions based on specific observations Signup and view all the answers

What is a main characteristic of longitudinal research?

It surveys the same group repeatedly over an extended time Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a negative correlation between two variables?

One variable increases while the other decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What is an illusory correlation?

A perceived relationship between two variables that does not exist Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where personal expectations influence outcomes?

Placebo effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of random assignment in research studies?

To give all participants an equal chance of being assigned to any group. Signup and view all the answers

What does an operational definition provide in the context of research?

A description of steps for measuring and manipulating variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does a peer-reviewed journal article guarantee about its content?

It has had feedback from experts before publication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of statistical analysis in research?

To assess the likelihood that observed differences happened by chance. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a sample in the context of research?

A subset of a larger population from which participants are drawn. Signup and view all the answers

In a single-blind study, who is aware of the group assignments?

Only the researcher knows the assignments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Methods Keywords

Archival Research: A research method that uses past records or data sets to answer research questions or identify patterns.
Attrition: Reduction in the number of participants in a study due to some dropping out over time.
Cause-and-Effect Relationship: Changes in one variable causing changes in another; determined by experimental research design.
Clinical/Case Study: Observational research focusing on one or a few individuals.
Confirmation Bias: Tendency to ignore evidence contradicting pre-existing beliefs.
Confounding Variable: An unanticipated factor influencing both variables of interest, often misinterpreted as a cause-and-effect relationship.
Control Group: A comparison group used to control for chance factors, ensuring the experimental manipulation is the only difference.
Correlation: Relationship between two or more variables, where a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other.
Correlation Coefficient: A numerical value (-1 to +1) indicating the strength and direction of a correlation (represented by 'r').
Cross-Sectional Research: Comparing multiple segments of a population at a single point in time.
Debriefing: In experiments involving deception, providing complete and truthful information about the study at the end.
Deception: Purposely misleading participants to maintain the integrity of the experiment.
Deductive Reasoning: Drawing conclusions based on general premises.
Dependent Variable: The variable measured to see the effect of the independent variable.
Double-Blind Study: Experimental design where both researchers and participants are unaware of the group assignments.
Empirical Research: Research grounded in observable and measurable evidence.
Experimental Group: The group in an experiment designed to answer the research question, differing from the control group only by the experimental manipulation.
Experimenter Bias: Researcher expectations influencing the study's results.
Falsifiable: Able to be proven wrong by empirical evidence.
Generalization: Extending the findings of a study from a sample to a larger population.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction about how variables relate, often in "if-then" format.
Illusory Correlation: Perceiving a relationship between two things when no such relationship exists.
Independent Variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
Inductive Reasoning: Drawing generalizations from specific observations.
Informed Consent: Participants' agreement to participate after understanding the study's procedures and potential risks.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC): Committee reviewing research proposals on non-human animal use.
Institutional Review Board (IRB): Committee reviewing research proposals involving human participants.
Inter-Rater Reliability: Agreement among observers in recording and classifying events.
Longitudinal Research: Studies observing the same group of individuals repeatedly over a period of time.
Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in its natural context.
Negative Correlation: Two variables changing in opposite directions.
Observer Bias: Observer expectations influencing observations.
Operational Definition: Specific description of how variables will be measured and manipulated.
Opinion: Personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes; not necessarily accurate.
Participant: Subject in psychological research.
Peer-Reviewed Journal Article: Article reviewed by experts.
Placebo Effect: Participants' expectations influencing their experience in a study.
Population: The entire group of individuals a researcher is interested in.
Positive Correlation: Two variables changing in the same direction.
Random Assignment: Assigning participants to groups randomly to control for confounding variables.
Random Sample: A group of individuals randomly selected from a population.
Reliability: Consistency and reproducibility of research findings.
Replication: Repeating an experiment using different samples to confirm reliability.
Sample: Subset of a population used in a study.
Single-Blind Study: Experimental design where participants are unaware of the group assignment.
Statistical Analysis: Determining the probability that results are due to chance.
Survey: A list of questions administered to a sample to gather data.
Theory: Well-developed set of ideas explaining observed phenomena.
Validity: Accuracy of a measure in measuring what it's designed to measure.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to research methods, including definitions and explanations of terms such as archival research, attrition, and correlation. Test your understanding of how these terms are applied in scientific studies and their implications for research design.