Ethical Considerations in Research and Scientific Inquiry Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who serves on institutional review boards (IRBs) according to the text?

Researchers leading the project being reviewed

Institutional staff members not involved in the research project (correct)

Federal government representatives

Research subjects

What is the role of institutional review boards (IRBs) in monitoring ongoing studies?

Selecting research subjects

Ensuring research ethics compliance (correct)

Providing additional funding for the studies

Approving changes in research proposals

What is the impact of IRB approval on research projects?

IRB approval guarantees the success of the research project

Project funding is contingent on the IRB’s approval (correct)

IRBs have no influence on project funding

IRB approval is not required for research projects

What is the researcher advised to do regarding their personal moral judgments during research?

Identify their moral preconceptions and set them aside Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principles should be involved in the design and execution of a research project?

Human relationships between researchers and the persons they study Signup and view all the answers

What rights do research subjects generally have?

Right to anonymity and confidentiality Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality in research?

Anonymity involves not revealing participants' identities, while confidentiality pertains to not disclosing information provided by participants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of informed consent in research?

Informed consent involves voluntary agreement after being informed of any hazards or dangers present in the research project. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to protect participants' identities in research?

To encourage honest answers and prevent harm to the subjects Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason for suspending Stanley Milgram's experiment?

The ethical concerns raised by the American Psychological Association Signup and view all the answers

What did the 'learners' in Milgram's experiment actually receive?

No shocks at all Signup and view all the answers

What obligation do contemporary ethical research standards allow in relation to sharing research results with participants?

An obligation to share the results of the research with participants Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of institutional review boards (IRB) in research projects?

To ensure that research proposals adhere to ethical principles and protect the rights of human subjects participating in research Signup and view all the answers

What is considered ethically irresponsible in research?

Deliberately omitting, altering, or misrepresenting data in a research report Signup and view all the answers

What are overriding concerns in all research activities according to the text?

Protecting subjects’ rights, presenting data honestly, and giving back to participants Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that may influence the selection of a research topic?

Theoretical or intellectual concerns Signup and view all the answers

In what step of the research process is gathering the data typically carried out?

Step 5 Signup and view all the answers

What determines in part the kinds of topic areas that come to the researcher's attention?

The particular social-scientific perspective used Signup and view all the answers

What elements should a research report contain?

Abstract, introduction, literature review, hypotheses, methodology, data analysis, conclusions, and bibliography Signup and view all the answers

How should the title page for a student research paper be structured?

Include the title, author's name, course details, instructor's name, and assignment due date Signup and view all the answers

How are funding agencies typically acknowledged in a research report?

In a footnote in the research report Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an abstract in a research report?

To provide a brief summary of the research project, including the research topic, methodology, and findings Signup and view all the answers

When are abstracts typically written for research reports?

After the research is completed, as they include a brief discussion of the research outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the introduction section in a research report?

Placing the research problem in context and discussing historical and theoretical frameworks Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to crime prevention in public housing is highlighted for its moderate impacts in evaluations?

Environmental design Signup and view all the answers

What factor is attributed to the failure of community crime prevention programs to substantially reduce crime and disorder?

Residents' inability or unwillingness to participate Signup and view all the answers

What is considered essential for successful anti-crime efforts in public housing?

Collaboration among the police, public housing authority, and residents Signup and view all the answers

What was noted as a shift in crime prevention efforts during the early 1980s?

Creation of mini-precinct stations Signup and view all the answers

What is detailed as a major direction of HUD's policies for addressing severely distressed public housing?

Comprehensive approach involving elements of all discussed strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as important in literature reviews to avoid criticism for overlooking important areas or replicating existing research?

Using primary sources over secondary sources Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first approaches recommended for beginning a literature review?

Asking a criminal justice professor for relevant bibliographic material Signup and view all the answers

What does using quotation marks around key words in an internet search help with?

Finding an exact phrase match Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a “–” in front of words in an internet search?

Excluding specific words from the search results Signup and view all the answers

What does using country codes in an internet search allow a researcher to do?

Generate sources for a specific country on research topics Signup and view all the answers

What does a savvy internet researcher know how to do, according to the text?

Access and synthesize massive amounts of information from all over the world Signup and view all the answers

In APA style, how are points of reference in the text marked?

By parentheses containing the authors’ last names and date of publication Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the citation if the date of the most recent update of website information is provided?

The date of the most recent update Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for urging caution in using the internet as a resource?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including supplementary narratives in foot- or endnotes?

To clarify, qualify, or comment on the referenced materials in the text Signup and view all the answers

What should a researcher do if they cannot answer 'yes' to each of the questions provided in Table 3.1?

The sources may not be credible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a valuable source of information for research in criminal justice?

Interlibrary loans Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for using general search engines in research papers?

Avoid using them Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of referencing in research papers?

To provide evidence of thorough research Signup and view all the answers

Why is using artificial intelligence to write reports considered a breach of ethics in many universities?

It lacks originality and critical thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended presentation style for references throughout the report?

Consistent style, such as footnotes or endnotes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the methods or research procedures section in a research report?

To describe the procedures used to collect data in such detail that the research project could be replicated Signup and view all the answers

What is typically included in the methods or research procedures section of a research report?

Archival research and interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the literature review section in a research report?

To provide a comprehensive overview of existing research and theories related to the topic Signup and view all the answers

When should the abstract of a research report typically be written?

After the research is completed Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for writing a research report?

Conceiving the report as a well-integrated whole from the beginning Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including appendices in a research report?

To enhance the report with lengthy documents Signup and view all the answers

When is it recommended to write the abstract section of a research report?

At the beginning of the report, before the research is completed Signup and view all the answers

How should a researcher approach the writing of a research report?

By thoroughly considering all sections as a well-integrated whole Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the abstract in a research report?

To offer a concise overview of the entire report Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research report?

To interpret the data, draw conclusions, and relate data to prior research and theoretical frameworks Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended organization of the bibliography in a research report?

Alphabetically by author, including only the materials the researcher drew upon in writing the report Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the conclusion section of a research report?

Interpretations, conclusions, and relation of data to prior research and theoretical frameworks Signup and view all the answers

What methods were used for data collection in the evaluation of the ADI program?

Resident surveys, in-depth interviews, staff interviews, and ethnographic observations Signup and view all the answers

How were the resident surveys conducted in the evaluation?

In four waves approximately six months apart with a total of 396 interviews Signup and view all the answers

What was the analysis strategy for survey data in the evaluation?

Assessing change by making comparisons between independent samples due to the change in the composition of the survey sample over time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ethical Considerations in Research and Scientific Inquiry

Ethical dilemmas arise in denying access to effective programs or treatments for the purpose of scientific inquiry in medicine and criminal justice studies.
Potential negative effects of inclusion in a study can be minimized by carefully predefined cases and by halting the study if the drug or treatment is clearly effective.
Risks of research must be weighed against potential benefits, and professional associations and institutional review boards (IRB) play a role in considering ethical issues in research projects.
The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) fosters an environment for disseminating ideas related to criminal justice research, policy, education, and practice.
IRBs ensure that research proposals adhere to ethical principles and protect the rights of human subjects participating in research.
Scientists have an ethical responsibility to present the research process and findings honestly, even when they do not support their hypotheses.
Deliberately omitting, altering, or misrepresenting data in a research report is ethically irresponsible and can impede the development of scientific knowledge.
Researchers are ethically bound to acknowledge the contributions of others to their work and to avoid plagiarism, including self-plagiarism.
Ethical dilemmas in research often have no clear and absolute resolutions, but protecting subjects’ rights, presenting data honestly, and giving back to participants should be overriding concerns in all research activities.
Researchers are supposed to monitor their own conduct, and professional associations establish codes of conduct, adjudication procedures, and sanctions for violations.
Violations of ethical standards in research can lead to dismissal from association membership, as established by professional associations such as the ACJS and the American Society of Criminology.
Excerpts from the ethics code adopted by the ACJS are included in Appendix F.

Addressing Crime in Public Housing: Literature Review and Anti-crime Initiatives

The text provides a detailed review of research on addressing crime in public housing, within the context of effective crime prevention strategies and the impact on residents' lives.
The literature review section combines the introduction and literature review, presenting a comprehensive summary of relevant theories and research.
Various factors contributing to crime in public housing are discussed, including physical isolation, poor design, racial segregation, and historical federal housing policies.
Crime prevention strategies in public housing are outlined, covering environmental design, situational crime prevention, intensive law enforcement, and community involvement programs.
The Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach and its moderate impacts in evaluations are highlighted.
Situational crime prevention measures are described as attempts to reduce the opportunities for committing specific crimes in particular locations.
The shift in crime prevention efforts from changes in physical design to aggressive law enforcement tactics during the early 1980s is noted, such as creating mini-precinct stations and intensifying police patrols.
The importance of community involvement in successful anti-crime efforts is emphasized, with collaboration among the police, public housing authority, and residents being considered essential.
The failure of community crime prevention programs to substantially reduce crime and disorder is attributed to residents' inability or unwillingness to participate, with a mention of the view of "blaming the victim."
Successful anti-crime programs typically involve elements of all discussed strategies, improvements in housing authority management, careful tenant screening, reliance on in-house security forces, local police cooperation, organized tenant patrols, and collaboration with social service agencies.
The comprehensive approach, now a major direction of HUD's policies for addressing severely distressed public housing, is detailed, as studied by Keyes in privately subsidized public housing developments in Boston, New York, and San Francisco.
The importance of using primary sources over secondary sources in literature reviews is explained, emphasizing the need for a thorough review to avoid criticism for overlooking important areas or replicating existing research.

Research Methods and Sources in Criminal Justice

Using specific search terms along with site restriction can help focus internet searches to relevant websites.
General search engines should not be used as primary sources for research papers.
College libraries and internet databases like ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and LexisNexis provide access to scholarly resources.
Interlibrary loans and government documents can be valuable sources of information for research in criminal justice.
Articles from newspapers and magazines based on government reports or recent research can lead to further sources of information.
Specialized magazines and professional journals like Police Chief, Police, and Corrections are used in criminal justice research but may have biases.
Government documents like the FBI's Crime in the Nation Statistics are valuable sources in criminal justice research.
Literature review ends when the same names and articles start appearing repeatedly, and new materials should be reviewed and incorporated.
Referencing is crucial when quoting, paraphrasing, presenting statistics, or referring to sources for clarification, to avoid plagiarism.
Using artificial intelligence to write reports is considered a breach of ethics in many universities.
References should be presented consistently in a selected style, such as footnotes or endnotes, throughout the report.
Universities are developing policies that forbid the submission of bot-written materials for grades or class assignments.

Research Methods and Data Collection in Evaluation of ADI Program

The study focused on evaluating the impact of the ADI in three CHA high-rise developments: Rockwell Gardens, Henry Horner, and Harold Ickes Homes.
The evaluation selected these developments based on diversity in crime rate, social organization, and implementation of ADI program components.
The data collection for the evaluation involved various methods, including resident surveys, in-depth interviews, staff interviews, and ethnographic observations.
The resident surveys were conducted in four waves approximately six months apart, with a total of 396 interviews completed in May 1994 and a 75% response rate in Wave 2.
The surveys aimed to capture the impact of various ADI components and included outcome measures related to crime severity, disorder problems, fear of crime, victimization experience, and residents' sense of empowerment.
In-depth interviews were conducted with a small sample of well-informed residents from all three sites, including questions about crime and maintenance problems, awareness and opinions on ADI components, and resident empowerment.
Follow-up interviews were conducted with selected articulate and well-informed respondents to serve as "key informants" to inquire about changes in CHA’s ADI procedures and policies.
Periodic interviews were also conducted with site staff members and all key ADI program staff members, as well as other key actors outside the CHA, such as the chief of the Chicago Police CHA unit and attorneys representing tenants in lawsuits over the constitutionality of the ADI.
Ethnographic observations were carried out over a 15-month period by a project ethnographer, who aimed to speak with a broader range of residents, particularly young men, and prepared an ethnographic report on each development.
The analysis strategy for survey data involved assessing change by making comparisons between independent samples due to the change in the composition of the survey sample over time.
The evaluation collected several different types of data to fully assess the program’s effectiveness and its impact on levels of crime and social disorder.
The study sites were described in terms of development size, building type, level of crime, and social cohesion, with three buildings in each of the three developments chosen for the study sample.

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Test your understanding of ethical considerations in research and scientific inquiry with this quiz. Explore topics such as minimizing negative effects, weighing risks against benefits, the role of institutional review boards, ethical responsibilities of scientists, and the consequences of violating ethical standards.