Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first step in developing a theory from observations?
What is the first step in developing a theory from observations?
- Observe a behavior that leads to a question (correct)
- Conduct a media analysis
- Review previous studies
- Formulate a hypothesis
What does a theory aim to accomplish with respect to observations?
What does a theory aim to accomplish with respect to observations?
- Organize and explain observations while predicting unobserved events (correct)
- Propose multiple unrelated hypotheses
- Disregard previous observations
- Confirm existing beliefs without new evidence
Which of the following is NOT a source of evidence mentioned for understanding causes of death?
Which of the following is NOT a source of evidence mentioned for understanding causes of death?
- Media articles
- Observed causes
- Personal anecdotes (correct)
- Google searches
Inductive reasoning in the context of theory development is mainly about:
Inductive reasoning in the context of theory development is mainly about:
Why is a literature review important in the process of observation leading to theory?
Why is a literature review important in the process of observation leading to theory?
Which condition is essential for a scientific theory to be considered testable?
Which condition is essential for a scientific theory to be considered testable?
What defines the independent variable in an experiment?
What defines the independent variable in an experiment?
In a hypothesis stating that 'Dogs will achieve higher scores on cognitive tests than cats', what is the dependent variable?
In a hypothesis stating that 'Dogs will achieve higher scores on cognitive tests than cats', what is the dependent variable?
Why is parsimony an important condition for a scientific theory?
Why is parsimony an important condition for a scientific theory?
In non-experimental research, why can't causality be implied between the variables?
In non-experimental research, why can't causality be implied between the variables?
What is an example of an independent variable in the given research?
What is an example of an independent variable in the given research?
Which of the following statements best reflects a good hypothesis?
Which of the following statements best reflects a good hypothesis?
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be testable?
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be testable?
Which of the following exemplifies a poor hypothesis?
Which of the following exemplifies a poor hypothesis?
What is a characteristic of deductive reasoning in hypothesis formation?
What is a characteristic of deductive reasoning in hypothesis formation?
What can contribute to changes in both variables in non-experimental research?
What can contribute to changes in both variables in non-experimental research?
What does the term 'falsifiability' refer to in the context of a hypothesis?
What does the term 'falsifiability' refer to in the context of a hypothesis?
What is a dependent variable in the examples provided?
What is a dependent variable in the examples provided?
What is the primary reason for studying research methods in psychology?
What is the primary reason for studying research methods in psychology?
How does science differ from pseudoscience?
How does science differ from pseudoscience?
Why is it important to learn to think like a scientist?
Why is it important to learn to think like a scientist?
What aspect of research does the scientific method help to quantify?
What aspect of research does the scientific method help to quantify?
Which of the following is NOT a non-scientific approach to acquiring knowledge?
Which of the following is NOT a non-scientific approach to acquiring knowledge?
What do the results of studies need to show in order to be considered accurate, according to the example provided?
What do the results of studies need to show in order to be considered accurate, according to the example provided?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of pseudoscience?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of pseudoscience?
What is one of the main benefits of understanding research methods in psychology?
What is one of the main benefits of understanding research methods in psychology?
What is the purpose of the Results section in a research paper?
What is the purpose of the Results section in a research paper?
How should references be organized in a research paper?
How should references be organized in a research paper?
What is the expected outcome after the peer review process before a decision is made by the editor?
What is the expected outcome after the peer review process before a decision is made by the editor?
What kind of information should tables and figures in a research paper contain?
What kind of information should tables and figures in a research paper contain?
What is a common reason for scientists to feel pressure to publish?
What is a common reason for scientists to feel pressure to publish?
What is an essential aspect of the peer review process?
What is an essential aspect of the peer review process?
What typically follows the Results section in a research paper?
What typically follows the Results section in a research paper?
How long does the peer review process typically take before an editor sends a decision to the authors?
How long does the peer review process typically take before an editor sends a decision to the authors?
Study Notes
Why Study Research Methods?
- To understand how to conduct and evaluate research
- To identify and evaluate false claims
- To learn to think like a scientist
Sources of Knowledge
- Non-scientific approaches:
- The method of tenacity (repetition)
- The method of intuition
- The method of authority (experts)
- The method of rationalism (logic)
- The method of empiricism (observation)
The Scientific Method
- Steps:
- Observation
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Testable prediction
- Data collection
- Analysis
- Conclusion
- Dissemination
- Theory:
- Organizes observations
- Explains observations
- Predicts future events
- Conditions for a good scientific theory:
- Parsimony (few concepts, many explanations)
- Precision (clear predictions)
- Testability (empirically verifiable)
Formulating a Hypothesis
- Hypothesis: Proposed relationship between variables
- Variable: Any characteristic that changes or can take different values (gender, height, depression scores)
- Independent variable (IV): Manipulated variable (the cause),
- Example: type of animal (dogs, cats)
- Dependent variable (DV): Measured variable (the outcome), the result of manipulating the IV
- Example: test of animal cognition
Generating a Testable Prediction
- Prediction: Specific statement about the relationship between variables in a given situation
- Deductive reasoning: From general hypothesis to specific prediction
Requirements of a Good Hypothesis
- Logical: Founded in existing theories or previous research
- Testable: Measurable variables
- Refutable: Falsifiable (able to be disproven)
The Research Process
- Methods section: Detailed description of how the research was conducted
- Results section: Objective reporting of data and statistical analyses
- Discussion section: Interpretation and implications of the findings
- References: Complete list of all sources cited
- Tables and figures: Additional information presented visually
The Peer Review Process
- Reviewers: Objective experts in the field
- Editorial decisions:
- Revise and resubmit
- Accept
- Reject
- Pressure to publish: Publications can influence grants, awards, and tenure
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of research methods, focusing on the significance of understanding and evaluating scientific research. It includes various sources of knowledge, the steps of the scientific method, and guidelines for formulating hypotheses. Test your knowledge and enhance your critical thinking skills as a budding researcher.
