Research Methods: Key Concepts and Applications
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of practical research?

  • Addressing real-world problems with immediate applications. (correct)
  • Exploring hypothetical scenarios without real-world implications.
  • Analyzing historical texts and philosophical concepts.
  • Developing abstract theories and models.

The term 'recherche,' from which 'research' is derived, most closely means:

  • To hypothesize and predict
  • To go about seeking (correct)
  • To systematically record
  • To analyze and interpret

Which of the following is the most crucial aspect of ensuring the reliability of research findings?

  • Employing a systematic and well-planned procedure. (correct)
  • Ignoring conflicting data to support a preferred theory.
  • Relying on anecdotal evidence and testimonials.
  • Basing conclusions on personal beliefs and intuition.

How does 'investigation' differ from 'inquiry' in the context of research?

<p>Investigation implies a more in-depth and systematic examination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'immersion' in the research process?

<p>It involves deep involvement in data gathering and detailed examination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key elements distinguish research from a simple inquiry or investigation?

<p>Research is a systematic and objective creation of knowledge, while inquiry is a general seeking of information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to understand the effects of a new teaching method on student performance. Which purpose of research does this align with most closely?

<p>To gain an in-depth knowledge of something. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher thoroughly examines all available data, considers various perspectives, and minimizes personal biases during a study. Which characteristic of research is being exemplified?

<p>Objectivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST significant way research can change a person's perspective, according to the text?

<p>By promoting higher-order thinking abilities, like inference and synthesis, diminishing reliance on rote memorization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A local community is experiencing a surge in youth crime. How could research BEST be applied, based on the text?

<p>By conducting surveys and analyzing data to identify the root causes of the crime wave and potential solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'objectivity' an important characteristic of research, as described in the text?

<p>It guarantees research findings are based on facts rather than individual biases or unsubstantiated opinions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating the impact of social media on teenage self-esteem. According to the text, which characteristic of research is MOST crucial for ensuring the study's value?

<p>Relevance, as the topic should address current societal issues and contribute to improving the lives of people in the community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study aims to determine if there is a correlation between hours of sleep and student test scores. Which statistical analysis is MOST appropriate for this quantitative research?

<p>Pearson's r (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company wants to measure customer satisfaction using a numerical scale. Which type of data BEST represents this measurement?

<p>Quantitative Data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST demonstrates the application of quantitative research methods?

<p>Administering surveys to measure the correlation between income level and access to healthcare. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to determine if a new teaching method improves student performance. What is the MOST appropriate way to analyze the data if student performance is measured through test scores?

<p>Apply Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the means of test scores between groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the impact of a new teaching method on student test scores. If they want to generalize the findings to all students in the district, what characteristic of quantitative research is MOST important?

<p>Large sample size selected randomly from the district's student population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following data types would be classified as discrete?

<p>The number of cars in a parking lot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study aims to understand the average income of families in a city. Researchers collect data through surveys and analyze it using statistical tools. Which characteristic of quantitative research is MOST directly demonstrated in this scenario?

<p>Faster data analysis with the use of statistical tools. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design is MOST suitable for exploring the relationship between hours of study and exam performance, without attempting to establish cause and effect?

<p>Correlational design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to survey a large population about their political opinions quickly and efficiently. How does quantitative research facilitate this type of data collection?

<p>By employing standardized research instruments for efficient data collection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A government agency uses quantitative research to assess the impact of a new public health initiative. Why is the reliability of data particularly important in this context?

<p>To ensure the data accurately represents the population for informed policymaking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research team conducts a study on student performance using quantitative methods and publishes their findings. What aspect of quantitative research allows other researchers to confirm the validity of these findings?

<p>The potential for high replicability of the study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A university conducts a survey to gather data on student satisfaction with their academic programs. What type of research design is being employed?

<p>Descriptive design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design is most suitable when a researcher aims to investigate the potential impact of a past event on a current situation without manipulating any variables?

<p>Ex post facto design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is evaluating the effectiveness of a new educational program in a school setting where random assignment of students to different groups is not feasible. Which research approach is most appropriate?

<p>Quasi-experimental design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In experimental research, what is the primary purpose of the control group?

<p>To serve as a baseline for comparison against the experimental group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist is testing the effect of a new drug on reaction time. What represents the independent variable in this experiment?

<p>The new drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of an abstract in a research paper?

<p>To summarize the research paper's key elements and prepare the reader for its contents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the 'Approval Sheet' in a research paper?

<p>To document the acceptance and approval of the research by relevant faculty members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research title should concisely convey the focus of the study. What is generally considered an appropriate length for a research title?

<p>10-15 words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experimental study examining the impact of sunlight exposure on plant growth, a researcher exposes one group of plants to varying amounts of sunlight while keeping another group in complete darkness. What is the primary confounding variable that needs to be controlled in this experiment?

<p>The amount of water given to each plant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of a research paper is designed to provide readers with a quick overview of its content, helping them decide whether to read the entire paper?

<p>Abstract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what section of a research paper would you typically find an expression of gratitude to individuals who provided assistance during the research process?

<p>Acknowledgement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a written work provides an analytical overview of the thesis's substance and sequence for the reader?

<p>Table of Contents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would LEAST likely be found in the introduction of a research paper?

<p>Discussion of the study's limitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is outlining the background of their study. Which element would be LEAST relevant to include?

<p>Specific questions the research aims to answer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'Statement of the Problem' section in a research paper?

<p>To present the central issue the research aims to address. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to investigate waste management practices in a specific location. Which of the following options represents the MOST appropriate general statement of the problem?

<p>Assessing current waste management practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a study about waste management among vegetable vendors. Which of the following questions is the MOST specific and focused sub-problem related to understanding their waste management practices?

<p>What materials are utilized by vendors in managing their waste? (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to investigate the impact of a new teaching method on student performance. Which section of the research proposal should detail the specific, measurable outcomes expected from this method?

<p>Objectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study examines the effectiveness of a new therapy on reducing anxiety levels in adults. In which section should the researcher discuss the potential benefits of these findings for mental health professionals and the broader community?

<p>Significance of the Study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is conducting a study on the reading comprehension of elementary students in a specific district, using only standardized tests. Which section of the research proposal should explicitly state that the findings cannot be generalized to all elementary students nationwide?

<p>Limitations of the Study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study exploring the relationship between social media use and self-esteem, which section of the research proposal would visually represent the hypothesized relationships between these variables, including the input, process, and output of the study?

<p>Conceptual Framework (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study on the impact of 'mindfulness' on academic performance requires a clear, concise explanation of 'mindfulness' as it is used within the study. In which section should the researcher provide this explanation?

<p>Definition of Terms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is synthesizing information from various sources for the literature review. Which of the following must be included when discussing ideas from related literature?

<p>The year of the book's application and the author's surname. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When incorporating related studies (theses/dissertations) into Chapter 2, which of the following pieces of information is essential to include?

<p>The year the thesis was written and the thesis writer's family name. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When deciding whether to use foreign literature in the RRL, what primary consideration should guide a researcher's decision?

<p>The extent to which the literature is relevant to the research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Practical Research

Research that focuses on real-world problems and practical applications rather than theory.

Research Definition

A scientific investigation involving the collection and evaluation of information about a specific subject.

Inquiry

A seeking for truth, information or knowledge, often used as a problem-solving technique.

Difference between Inquiry and Research

Inquiry is general and often subjective, whereas research is systematic and objective knowledge creation.

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Nature of Inquiry

Inquiry begins with gathering information through questioning and using human senses.

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Investigation

A systematic examination of a specific event or phenomenon, deeper than general inquiry.

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Immersion in Research

The process of deeply involving oneself in data gathering and meticulously examining the information collected.

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Purpose of Research

To learn how to work independently, systematically, and to gain in-depth knowledge about specific topics.

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Higher-Order Thinking Strategies

Cognitive processes involving inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.

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Importance of Research

Research helps us obtain accurate information and solve societal problems.

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Characteristics of Research

Research must be accurate, objective, timely, relevant, clear, and systematic.

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Accuracy in Research

Data must be correct and properly documented through footnotes and bibliographies.

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Objective Research

Research should deal with facts, avoiding personal opinions or assumptions.

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Quantitative Research

Research involving numerical data analyzed using mathematical and statistical methods.

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Examples of Quantitative Data

Numerical data such as height, age, temperature, sales revenue, and test scores.

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Types of Quantitative Data

Categories of numerical data used in quantitative research, including continuous and discrete.

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Discrete Data

Whole numbers that represent countable values.

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Continuous Data

Measurable values that can include decimals or fractions.

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Large Sample Size

A research characteristic that enhances the reliability of statistical results.

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Objectivity in Research

Data collection and analysis that is free from personal bias.

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Concise Visual Presentation

Using graphs, charts, and tables to display numerical data clearly.

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Fast Data Collection

Quick gathering of data using standardized instruments.

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Descriptive Design

A research method focused on providing a detailed view of a situation without explaining causes.

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Correlational Design

Research that explores the relationship between two or more variables.

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Abstract

A summary of a paper that helps readers understand key points quickly.

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Acknowledgement

A section where authors thank those who contributed to the research.

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Dedication

A message in the beginning of a book expressing heartfelt commitment.

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Table of Contents (TOC)

A list that outlines the structure of a written work, indicating the sections and page numbers.

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Introduction

The initial section that presents the topic and its importance, reasons for choosing it, and the purpose of the study.

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Background of the Study

Contextual information that explains why the research was needed and relevant conditions.

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Statement of the Problem

A clear articulation of the research problem along with specific questions to be answered.

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Research Purpose

The objective of the study that outlines what the researcher aims to achieve.

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Data Collection by Observation

The process of gathering information through direct observation without manipulating variables.

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Ex Post Facto Design

Research design that examines relationships between past events and present conditions without manipulation.

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Quasi-Experimental Design

Research design used when random assignment is not possible, focusing on treatment effectiveness in real settings.

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Experimental Research

Research testing cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables in controlled environments.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment to see how it is affected by the independent variable.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment for comparison.

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Research Abstract

A brief summary of a research paper that outlines the main points.

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Objectives of Research

Desired ends to achieve through research, free from bias.

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Significance of the Study

Contributions of research to various sectors like society and theory.

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Scope of the Study

Limits regarding location, sample, and subject matter in research.

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Limitations of the Study

Weaknesses beyond the researcher's control affecting the study.

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Conceptual Framework

Describes relationships between variables in the research; outlines input, process, output.

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Definition of Terms

Essential to clarify key concepts for mutual understanding between the author and audience.

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Foreign Literature

Literature from another country relevant to your research.

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Related Studies

Ideas from previously completed theses/dissertations relevant to the current study.

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Study Notes

Practical Research 2 Overview

  • Practical Research 2 aims to enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills through quantitative research.
  • The course equips students with the necessary skills to independently write a research paper.
  • Practical research focuses on real-world situations rather than hypothetical or imagined scenarios.
  • Research is defined as the systematic collection and evaluation of information about a specific subject.
  • The earliest recorded use of the term "research" dates back to 1577.
  • The Middle French word "recherche" means "to go about seeking."
  • Research involves scientific investigation of phenomena, including data collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation, to align individual speculation with reality.

Nature of Inquiry

  • Inquiry is a problem-solving approach that involves seeking truth, information or knowledge.
  • Information gathering starts with using the different human senses, from birth to death.
  • Inquiry is synonymous with investigation.

Investigation and Immersion

  • Investigation involves a systematic examination of specific events or phenomena.
  • Immersion involves a researcher fully engaging with the data collection process, carefully analyzing their findings in detail.
  • The combined process of inquiry, investigation, and immersion forms the basis of research.

Differentiating Inquiry from Research

  • Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.
  • When inquiring or investigating, an individual tends to pose questions, probing or examining something to learn its truth, information, and knowledge.
  • Research is systematic and unbiased, creating knowledge through a structured methodology, like the scientific method.

Purpose of Research

  • Research helps students improve independent, scientific, and methodical work habits.
  • Research enables an in-depth understanding of subjects.
  • Research helps cultivate higher-order thinking skills like inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.
  • Research develops both reading and writing skills.
  • Research allows students to avoid relying solely on a single external source, fostering independent thought.

Importance of Research in Daily Life

  • Research guides individuals in seeking correct information for further investigation.
  • Research fosters a cautious approach in presenting results and findings.
  • Research empowers individuals through knowledge acquisition and problem-solving in areas like health, crimes, business, technology and the environment.
  • Research promotes public awareness through disseminating information relevant to various societal aspects.

Characteristics of Research

  • Research must accurately present data. Footnotes and bibliographies should acknowledge sources honestly and appropriately.
  • Research should be objective, focusing on facts and not on subjective opinions, assumptions, generalizations, predictions or conclusions.
  • A timely research topic is relevant and interesting to current society, enhancing its impact.
  • Research relevance plays an important role in resolving societal issues and improving communities.
  • Research requires clarity to clearly convey its central idea and findings with concise and precise language.
  • Research should be systematic, using a structured and well-organized methodology.

Quantitative Research

  • Quantitative research uses numerical data analyzed via mathematical and statistical methods.
  • It measures amounts, values and quantities to determine patterns, relationships, and overall tendencies.
  • Quantitative data analysis includes methods like Pearson's r, t-tests, and ANOVA.
  • Empirical data should be both numerical and quantifiable.
  • Examples of quantitative data comprise heights, weights, ages, temperatures, sales figures, and test scores.
  • Quantitative data comes in two forms: discrete and continuous.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

  • A large sample size is necessary for meaningful and statistically sound conclusions
  • Quantitative research methods must be objective, free from subjective bias, intuition, or speculation
  • Quantitative data is typically presented visually through charts, graphs, and tables to effectively display and interpret the information.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

  • Descriptive research describes situations, events, or phenomena without seeking to explain causal relationships.
  • Correlational research identifies relationships between variables.
  • Ex post facto research investigates a cause-and-effect relationship between previous events and present conditions. It involves examining already existing circumstances.
  • Quasi-experimental research evaluates the effectiveness of treatments or interventions in real-world settings.
  • Experimental research actively changes one or more variables to measure their effect on others. It is performed in controlled environments to minimize outside influences

Preliminary Parts of Research

  • Title Page: Concisely states the research topic, variables, and theoretical issues.
  • Approval Sheet: Shows acceptance from the faculty adviser and committee members.
  • Abstract: A brief summary outlining detailed aspects like information, analysis, and arguments.
  • Acknowledgment: Demonstrates appreciation of assistance from individuals who supported the research in the research endeavor.
  • Dedication: A message dedicated to someone or something significant.
  • Table of Contents: An organized list indicating the topical elements

Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background

  • Introduction: Covers defining the topic, its importance, reasons behind selecting the topic, and the study's goal.
  • Background of the Study: Explains the factors leading to the study and explains past related theories or work in the area.
  • Statement of the Problem: Presents the overall issue and specific sub-problems to be addressed.
  • Objectives: Outlines aims or goals to be met through the study.
  • Significance of the Study: Discusses the research's contributions to various sectors like the field, society, and governments.
  • Scope, Limitations and Delimitations: Describes the research's boundaries and restrictions.
  • Conceptual Framework: An outline of the investigation’s input, process, and output.
  • Definition of Terms: Clarifies key terms to ensure a shared understanding.
  • Foreign Literature: External data sources to the current study, from different countries.
  • Foreign Studies: Previous research in other countries related to the study's theme.
  • Local Literature: Data gathered from within the researchers' region.
  • Local Studies: Research performed within the researchers' own country.
  • Synthesis: A comprehensive summation of the literature and studies to provide a clearer overview.

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Explore the primary focus and crucial aspects of research. This quiz covers reliability, investigation, inquiry, immersion, and bias minimization in research. Learn how research impacts perspectives and addresses community issues.

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