Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these research methods uses words to describe phenomena?
Which of these research methods uses words to describe phenomena?
Which of these research methods is most likely to focus on a narrow topic?
Which of these research methods is most likely to focus on a narrow topic?
Which of these research methods is most likely to study behavior under controlled conditions?
Which of these research methods is most likely to study behavior under controlled conditions?
Which of these research methods is most likely to use a deductive approach?
Which of these research methods is most likely to use a deductive approach?
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Which of these research methods is most likely to use numbers to describe phenomena?
Which of these research methods is most likely to use numbers to describe phenomena?
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Which of these research methods is most likely to use a narrative style in its report?
Which of these research methods is most likely to use a narrative style in its report?
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What is the first step in the scientific method?
What is the first step in the scientific method?
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Which step in the scientific method involves testing a hypothesis?
Which step in the scientific method involves testing a hypothesis?
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Which of the following research studies is characterized by observing a group of subjects with a specific characteristic over time, comparing them with a control group without the characteristic?
Which of the following research studies is characterized by observing a group of subjects with a specific characteristic over time, comparing them with a control group without the characteristic?
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What distinguishes randomized controlled trials from nonrandomized studies?
What distinguishes randomized controlled trials from nonrandomized studies?
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Which type of research study primarily compares various groups at a single point in time?
Which type of research study primarily compares various groups at a single point in time?
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What is the main characteristic of a case report?
What is the main characteristic of a case report?
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Which of the following research methods utilizes findings from one species to draw conclusions about other species?
Which of the following research methods utilizes findings from one species to draw conclusions about other species?
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Which type of research study is considered suitable for exploring potential treatments before scientific evidence is available?
Which type of research study is considered suitable for exploring potential treatments before scientific evidence is available?
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Which of these CANNOT be used as a source of information before scientific research is available?
Which of these CANNOT be used as a source of information before scientific research is available?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about animal research?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about animal research?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommendation of the National EMS Research Agenda (2001)?
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation of the National EMS Research Agenda (2001)?
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What type of research aims to determine if a particular procedure, drug, or treatment improves patient outcomes?
What type of research aims to determine if a particular procedure, drug, or treatment improves patient outcomes?
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What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
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What is the reason behind the increased focus on EMS research?
What is the reason behind the increased focus on EMS research?
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What is the primary concern in medical research?
What is the primary concern in medical research?
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Which of these is a benefit of having a strong EMS research program?
Which of these is a benefit of having a strong EMS research program?
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Which of the following is an example of a study with high external validity?
Which of the following is an example of a study with high external validity?
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Why is collaboration among different disciplines important for EMS research?
Why is collaboration among different disciplines important for EMS research?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of scientific evidence recognized by the American Heart Association?
Which of the following is NOT a type of scientific evidence recognized by the American Heart Association?
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Which is an example of an outcome-based research?
Which is an example of an outcome-based research?
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Which of the following ethical guidelines for human research came first?
Which of the following ethical guidelines for human research came first?
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What makes a solid and objective research program essential for EMS practices?
What makes a solid and objective research program essential for EMS practices?
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What does 'in vitro' research refer to?
What does 'in vitro' research refer to?
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What is the primary focus of internal validity in research?
What is the primary focus of internal validity in research?
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Which of the following ethical considerations emphasizes that participants in research should freely agree to participate after understanding the risks and benefits?
Which of the following ethical considerations emphasizes that participants in research should freely agree to participate after understanding the risks and benefits?
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How does the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine classify the levels of evidence?
How does the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine classify the levels of evidence?
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Which of these is NOT typically included in the abstract of a research paper?
Which of these is NOT typically included in the abstract of a research paper?
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What is the role of the review board in the publication process of a research paper?
What is the role of the review board in the publication process of a research paper?
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Which of the following sections of a research paper typically includes a description of the methods used to conduct the study?
Which of the following sections of a research paper typically includes a description of the methods used to conduct the study?
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Which of these is NOT a common statistical analysis used in research?
Which of these is NOT a common statistical analysis used in research?
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What is the purpose of the 'Discussion' section in a research paper?
What is the purpose of the 'Discussion' section in a research paper?
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Which of these journals is MOST likely to include a 'Limitations' section in the research paper format?
Which of these journals is MOST likely to include a 'Limitations' section in the research paper format?
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In the publication process, what is meant by 'reviewers blinded as to the names of authors and affiliated institutions'?
In the publication process, what is meant by 'reviewers blinded as to the names of authors and affiliated institutions'?
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Which of these research paper sections typically discusses how the authors interpret their findings?
Which of these research paper sections typically discusses how the authors interpret their findings?
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What is the primary goal of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
What is the primary goal of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
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What is NOT a descriptive statistic?
What is NOT a descriptive statistic?
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Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of sampling error?
Which of the following best describes the concept of sampling error?
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What is the purpose of using inferential statistics?
What is the purpose of using inferential statistics?
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What does the 'standard deviation' measure?
What does the 'standard deviation' measure?
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What is the difference between nominal and ordinal data?
What is the difference between nominal and ordinal data?
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What is the relationship between variance and standard deviation?
What is the relationship between variance and standard deviation?
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Study Notes
EMS Research
- EMS research is crucial in driving best practices
- Research is designed to determine if procedures, drugs, or treatments improve patient outcomes (mortality, morbidity, and quality of life)
- The National EMS Research Agenda (2001) recommends developing EMS researchers, promoting collaboration with other disciplines, and establishing funding streams for research within the government.
- Research is key to improving community health in a cost-conscious healthcare market
- It ensures the best possible prehospital care.
Research and the Scientific Method
- Science is a body of knowledge derived through the scientific method
- Research is the use of the scientific method to study and learn about an issue.
- The scientific method is a process to create an accurate and reliable representation of the world
- Steps of the scientific method include: observing, asking questions; collecting, analyzing and synthesizing data; constructing a hypothesis; testing the hypothesis through experimentation; analyzing results and conclusions; revising the hypothesis; and finally reporting the results.
Types of Research
- Quantitative research describes phenomena through numbers.
- Qualitative research describes phenomena through words.
- Mixed research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to describe studied phenomena
- Retrospective research examines existing data. This type of research is prone to bias.
- Prospective Research starts now; and collects data based on what happens moving forward.
- Quantitative research is frequently used in medicine.
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research
- Quantitative research is objective and specific; it identifies the relationship between one thing (independent variable) and another (dependent/outcome variable)
- Independent variable affects the dependent variable during the study
- Dependent variable is the variable that is being affected during the study
- Non-experimental quantitative research includes independent variables that can't be manipulated for reasons like ethics or practicality
- Survey-quantitative research is used for collecting public opinion
- Qualitative research relies on qualitative (non-numeric) data to study phenomena being studied; often occurs in a natural setting. It focuses on understanding why rather than how..
Experimental Design
- Experimental study involves a control group (not receiving treatment) and a treatment group. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of the groups, with measures taken to ensure demographics are similar.
- Quasi-experimental study does not randomly assign subjects to groups. This study type is considered less valid than experimental studies, but can be necessary due to logistical constraints.
- Observational study doesn't use a control group and the scientists do not control the variables involved in the study; these studies are among the least valid, but are important in medicine.
- Specific study types include randomized controlled trials (RCTs): Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The single- or double-blind aspect of this study ensures unbiased results
- Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials combines results of prior studies
- Non-randomized controlled trials are also called quasi-experimental studies:These studies are less valid than RCT, but are useful under certain circumstances.
- Cohort studies are observational studies; they follow subjects with certain characteristics or treatments over time, comparing them with a similar group not affected by the condition.
- Cross-sectional studies are observational studies where several groups are compared without a control; it focuses on one point in time.
- Case series focuses on groups of patients with similar conditions
- Case reports are structured studies of unique patients valuable to the medical community.
- Bench research (in vitro) is scientific research at a basic level
- Animal research (in vivo) studies how drugs and procedures affect biological systems, although findings in one species may not apply to all.
Study Validity
- Validity assesses the strength of a study’s conclusions.
- External validity ensures that the study results can be generalized to other populations.
- Internal validity verifies the study findings are attributable to the cause.
Ethical Considerations in Human Research
- Researchers have the primary responsibility of upholding the rights of their subjects
- Codes like the Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration lay the ethical groundwork
- Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are critical in evaluating the ethical implications of human research
How Published Research is Presented
- Peer-reviewed journals follow a rigorous review process: a) Submission, b) review by study experts, and c) potentially revisions
Applying Study Results
- Researchers must consider the context of a study and the patient's characteristics when applying findings to practice.
- Speak to medical directors to ensure practice recommendations are incorporated appropriately
Participating in Research
- Before participating, researchers should identify a research question, formulate hypotheses (both null and research), decide on measurement methods, and define the study population.
- Formal IRB/PI approval must be sought to ensure ethical considerations are addressed.
- Researchers must gather and analyze data and determine how results are best utilized.
Statistical Overview and Types of Data
- Statistics are the mathematics of collecting, analyzing, and presenting data.
- Descriptive Statistics summarize basic data features (mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation).
- Inferential Statistics allow for conclusions about broader populations based on samples.
- Quantitative Statistics deal with numerical data.
- Qualitative Statistics describe non-number-based findings
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Description
This quiz explores various research methods used in psychology, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. It covers key distinctions between different types of studies and the steps of the scientific method. Test your knowledge on how different research methodologies contribute to our understanding of behavior.
