Research Methods in Dental Studies

<p>Previous studies and systematic reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observing, thinking, and reading about your area of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An active process and the first step in gathering information about the research problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create knowledge essential for improving health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It answers questions in an organized, scientific, and systematic manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Without a specific question, research will be aimless</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow examination of problems to be solved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonplanned research is often inefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research will lack direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identify new problems and generate knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analytical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case-control studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improve and develop previous devices, processes, systems, or existing situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohort studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exploratory research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling involves a known chance of participation for every member of the population, while random assignment involves randomly assigning subjects into study/control groups after selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-sectional studies provide a snapshot of different groups at the same point in time, while longitudinal studies observe changes over time and can be retrospective or prospective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prospective studies collect data gradually to determine future outcomes and can be interventional (experimental) or non-interventional (observational).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative research relies on data explanation and interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Field research involves own observations, while library research involves existing data categorization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It impacts the ability to answer research questions and avoid erroneous results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methodology involves the correct application of methods, rationale behind method selection, and criteria for choosing a method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive association</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotheses are statements in response to research questions, guiding the research process and being validated through experimental testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sampling involves choosing portions of the population to observe and study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling ensures representativeness of samples from a population, while random assignment/allocation involves assigning participants to different groups randomly for experimental control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using statistical tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests or graphically using percentile-percentile (P-P) or quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyze the data using nonparametric or distribution-free tests such as Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, or Friedman</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authorizations to conduct research, training of team members, managing the budget, strategies for data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimize methodological differences between studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(1) Processing, (2) Analyzing, and (3) Interpreting data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detailed observation of a problem, creative thinking, and critical reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscious, logical, thought-provoking, and purposeful process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection of a research topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steps to start working on a project</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practical solutions to problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis (H0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation of existing literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The null hypothesis (H0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statement of relations, verifiability, and relevance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define patients/populations, intervention, comparison, and outcomes for the research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Originality and precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creative thinking and hypothesis formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'PICO' framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulating a clear research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(1) Analyzing collected information, (2) Formulating the research question, (3) Making decisions about different ways to reach the answer, (4) Formulating the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a basis for formulating and identifying hypotheses and helps outline the steps necessary to answer the question posed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Originality, relevance to current scientific knowledge, precision, coherence, and feasibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of subjects, variables, technical skill for answering the question, time and money required</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$PICO$ framework: Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a clear direction for the research and help readers understand the issue being addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomized controlled trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PICOT format</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$The specific research question$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should be clear, focused, and complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide the design, methodology, and hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain audience interest and engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ancient Greek word ēthikós</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate the impact on animal and human research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relating to one's character</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using another person's words or ideas without giving credit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may lead to rejection by both journals and damage the author's reputation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should seek permission from the publisher or author concerned</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>iThenticate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copying figures or tables from published works without permission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To review and approve research proposals, informed consent forms, and documentation of 'Research Compliance Training' and 'Conflicts of Interest'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Code of Ethics adopted by the Committee on Ethics in Dental Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respect for the free will of the subject and commitment to confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing good laboratory conditions to reduce animal suffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical issues in scholarly publishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimize methodological differences between studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High reliability is one indicator of high validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistency of a measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accuracy of a measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defining standardized methods and procedures for data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize methodological differences between studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistency in measurement under similar conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accuracy in measurement corresponding to real properties or characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure each group receives the same opportunities to succeed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No adequate comparison between groups can be made</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methods used in gathering and treating subjects for a specific study</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To eliminate potential biases and ensure fair comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No assurance of whether differences are due to unequal conditions or actual differences in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The validity of the comparison is compromised due to unequal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To eliminate potential biases and ensure fair comparison between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clear, explicit, understandable, and feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aligns with the facts and scientific principles of a field of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It guides the researcher by identifying objectives and showing the general direction for conducting the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed consent and protection of participants' rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a clear direction for the research process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Specificity' in formulating a research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of copyrighted material</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To summarize and condense data for easy comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Categorization of data based on attributes such as gender, literacy, age, city, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine whether the observed differences between groups are significant or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make predictions about future data points</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical measures that represent central tendency of a dataset</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To visually display relationships and patterns in the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical measures that represent spread or dispersion of a dataset</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine whether differences observed between groups are significant or not significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making predictions about future observations based on available information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of data points within a sample or data set</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure how far the data deviates from the arithmetic mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A statistical measure of how spread out data points are within a sample or data set</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate one variable on the basis of other variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PICO framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copying a figure or table from a published work without permission and proper citation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate the smallest sample size needed for an experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To present a range within which the true population parameter is likely to fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical significance is based on sample data, while clinical significance relates to practical importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The finding may not have practical relevance despite being reliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interval estimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability that a parameter will fall between a pair of values around the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90%, 95% or 99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$P$-value is less than 0.99</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Income level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$ ext{Recall}$ bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To examine the effectiveness of treatments and preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Randomization is ethically acceptable when uncertainty exists about the effectiveness of different treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental studies involve conducting experiments or interventions with a group and comparing them to another group that does not receive the intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify risk factors and causes of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental study</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure each individual has an equal chance of being assigned to a treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The threshold for determining if a result is statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gauge the likelihood of detecting a specified difference if it genuinely exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capture information from a sample at one point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less prone to bias due to starting before disease onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize selection bias and ensure comparability between treatment groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gauge the likelihood of detecting a specified difference if it genuinely exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohort studies are less prone to bias compared to case-control studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the threshold for accepting or rejecting the presence of an effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inform participants about the study, obtain their voluntary agreement, and respect their autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$rac{8}{3}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range increases by 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$2$ times the original standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interval data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Range, variance, and standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide simple summaries about the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A descriptive measure of a sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interpreting masses of numerical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$ ext{Population}$</p> Signup and view all the answers