Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of basic research?
What is the primary purpose of basic research?
- To test the efficacy of a new treatment
- To provide summaries of existing studies
- To expand fundamental knowledge of natural phenomena (correct)
- To solve specific real-world problems
Which of the following best defines construct validity?
Which of the following best defines construct validity?
- The accuracy of statistical conclusions
- The extent to which variables are being accurately measured or manipulated (correct)
- The applicability of the study to a larger population
- The reliability of data collected in a study
What is the main difference between primary and secondary sources of information?
What is the main difference between primary and secondary sources of information?
- Secondary sources are always less reliable than primary sources.
- Primary sources provide original data, while secondary sources offer summaries or interpretations. (correct)
- Primary sources are based on interpretations, while secondary sources contain raw data.
- Secondary sources include detailed data analyses, while primary sources summarize information.
A Type I error in hypothesis testing occurs when which of the following happens?
A Type I error in hypothesis testing occurs when which of the following happens?
What type of research method is primarily concerned with observing and describing the current state of affairs?
What type of research method is primarily concerned with observing and describing the current state of affairs?
Which statement accurately describes external validity?
Which statement accurately describes external validity?
Which type of research is characterized by the manipulation of variables to observe effects?
Which type of research is characterized by the manipulation of variables to observe effects?
What does the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient measure?
What does the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient measure?
Flashcards
Basic Research
Basic Research
Explores fundamental principles and knowledge of natural phenomena. Focuses on expanding understanding rather than immediate applications.
Applied Research
Applied Research
Aims to solve practical problems or answer specific questions with real-world applications. Focuses on using knowledge to address challenges.
Primary Source
Primary Source
Directly report collected data and analyses, providing the most comprehensive view of the investigation.
Secondary Source
Secondary Source
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Construct Validity
Construct Validity
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Statistical Validity
Statistical Validity
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Internal Validity
Internal Validity
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External Validity
External Validity
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Study Notes
Cumulative Section
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Basic vs. Applied Research:
- Basic research expands fundamental knowledge of natural phenomena.
- Applied research solves practical problems or answers specific questions.
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Sources of Information:
- Primary sources provide detailed descriptions of collected data and analyses.
- Secondary sources summarize or interpret information.
Validities
- Construct Validity: Measures how well variables are measured and manipulated.
- Statistical Validity: Evaluates the strength of numerical support for a claim.
- Internal Validity (12 covered in class): Assesses whether a variable (A) influences another variable (B) rather than other factors.
- External Validity: Determines the generalizability of study results to a larger population.
- Reliability vs. Validity: Reliability refers to consistency, while validity addresses accuracy in measurement.
Research Methods
- Descriptive Research: Describes the current state of affairs.
- Correlational Research: Measures relationships between two or more variables.
- Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient is a common tool to measure these relationships.
- Experimental Research: Actively creates or manipulates situations to study variables.
- Hypothesis testing is crucial in experimental designs.
Hypothesis Testing
- Null Hypothesis: Assumes no effect, relationship, or difference.
- Alpha (Significance Level): Probability of making a Type I error.
- p-value: Calculated probability of observed results occurring by chance under the null hypothesis.
- Type I Error: Rejecting the null hypothesis when it's true.
- Type II Error: Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it's false.
Study Design
- Between-Subjects Design: Participants are assigned to different groups, each experiencing only one level of the independent variable.
- Within-Subjects Design: Same participants experience all levels of the independent variable.
- Mixed Designs: Combine elements of both between-subjects and within-subjects designs.
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