Research Methods and Criminal Investigation Quiz

Trial and error with careful observation

Observation and informal careful inquiry

Instances where patterns of actions and responses do not work

Identifying and analyzing recurring patterns

Inductive logic uses particular and separate observations to form generalizations

It may be important evidence supporting or undermining a hypothesis

They must be held at bay to remain as objective as possible

The link between the evidence and a hypothesis

Linking the facts and hypotheses into a comprehensive pattern

It moves from general principles to specific instances

The investigator will abandon the hypothesis and formulate another

What is absent

Linking as many facts as possible

Explaining a general theory of crime rates in different cities

It plays a vital role in successful research and investigations

Factors that change and can alter the outcome

Statements about the effects or results certain causes or actions might produce

To structure all scientific studies

Both involve gathering, documenting, and evaluating facts

Determining which apparent facts are real facts and relevant to the crime

Creating hypotheses that link facts and constructing a theory to explain the crime

Laboratory work to match the blood type of stains on a knife to the victim's blood type

Recorded observations and measurements gathered by researchers to search for meaningful patterns

A research project conducted according to scientific rules, with the researcher having control over some of the variables

Application of new terms to everyday situations to understand fundamental research concepts

Careful reading, thinking, and diligent study

Gathering specific pieces of accurate information about a crime and systematically observing the details of the crime scene

Patterns play a crucial role in understanding and problem-solving as they help in identifying recurring sequences and relationships among events, which can guide actions and decisions.

The text describes the process as undisciplined inquiry or research by trial and error, where individuals try different actions or approaches until they find a combination that works most of the time. They also search for other characteristics or properties that may affect the desired outcome.

Observation and data gathering are significant as they enable individuals to gather information about objects, people, and events around them in an informal but careful way. This information allows them to identify patterns and make informed decisions in problem-solving.

The text implies that experimentation is a key part of understanding and problem-solving, as individuals try different approaches or actions to see what works, and pay attention to instances where patterns of actions and responses do not work. This process helps in identifying what characteristics or properties may affect the desired outcome.

Inductive logic uses particular and separate observations to form generalizations or conclusions, while deductive logic moves from generalizations or conclusions to particular and separate observations.

The primary focus of a theory of the crime is to put all the pieces together into a comprehensive pattern that links the facts and hypotheses to one another and contains no internal contradictions.

The investigator is advised to pay as much attention to what is missing as to what is present at the scene of the crime.

The role of hypotheses in research is to guide the investigator in formulating and testing explanations for the observed facts.

The investigator is likely to regard the link between the evidence and the crime as factual or true, unless further evidence fails to conform with the hypothesis.

The primary requirement for the theory of a crime to gain confidence is to have more facts that are consistent with the theory and fewer gaps in the evidence.

The absence of something at a crime scene may be important as evidence that can either support or undermine the validity of a hypothesis.

The primary difference is that a theory about a particular crime focuses on explaining why and how a specific crime occurred, while a general theory of crime attempts to explain different crime rates or patterns.

The emphasis of the text is on the application of reasoning, including inductive and deductive logic, in both criminal investigations and research.

The requirement for understanding the research process is the appropriate use of expertise, learning from mistakes, intuition, patience, ingenuity, curiosity, and opportunism.

The primary role of intuition is to play a vital role in successful research as well as in criminal justice investigations.

Variables are factors in a situation that change and can alter the outcome, such as cold or humidity affecting the chances of starting a car.

The process of determining which apparent facts are real facts, which are relevant to the crime, and how they are interrelated is crucial in a criminal investigation.

Creating hypotheses that link facts and constructing a theory to explain the crime is an essential part of the investigation process.

Data is the recorded observations and measurements gathered by researchers to search for meaningful patterns.

Investigators gather specific pieces of accurate information about a crime and systematically observe the details of the crime scene.

The primary focus of basic research concepts and methodologies introduced in the chapter is to structure all scientific studies.

The text highlights the similarities between a criminal investigation and the research process, as both involve gathering, documenting, and evaluating facts.

The primary requirement for the theory of a crime to gain confidence is the use of deductive logic.

The text emphasizes that understanding the intricacies of the research process will require careful reading, thinking, and diligent study.

The investigator is advised to pay as much attention to the details of the crime scene.

Hypotheses are statements about the effects or results certain causes or actions might produce, often in the form of 'if x, then y.'

Investigators gather specific pieces of accurate information about a crime and systematically observe the details of the crime scene.

Patterns play a crucial role in understanding and problem-solving as they help in identifying recurring sequences or relationships among events, which can lead to the discovery of effective solutions and outcomes.

The text describes the approach of undisciplined inquiry or research by trial and error, where individuals try different actions or methods until they find a combination that works most of the time, while also being aware of instances where the pattern of actions and responses does not work.

Individuals search for characteristics or properties such as the effect of cold weather, the impact of pumping the accelerator more times, and the influence of humidity in the air, to understand and potentially affect the outcome they desire, such as getting the engine started on a cold morning.

Observation and data gathering are highlighted as essential in the process of understanding as individuals gather information or data by observing objects, people, and events in an informal but careful way, watching for patterns and assessing the impact of various factors on the desired outcome.

Inductive logic uses particular and separate observations to form generalizations/conclusions, while deductive logic moves from generalizations/conclusions to particular and separate observations.

Preconceptions and prejudices must be held at bay, especially during the hypothesis-testing phases, so that they do not interfere with the understanding of the assembled information or produce conclusions that are not consistent with the data.

The primary focus of a theory of the crime is to put all the pieces together into a comprehensive pattern that links the facts and hypotheses to one another and contains no internal contradictions.

The text emphasizes the importance of reasoning and logic, including inductive and deductive logic, in criminal investigations and research.

The investigator is advised to pay as much attention to what is missing as to what is present at the scene of the crime.

The investigator is likely to regard the link between the evidence and the hypothesis as factual or true unless further evidence fails to conform with the hypothesis.

The primary method mentioned for gathering information or data in the text is the application of reasoning, including inductive and deductive logic.

The observation that something is absent may be important as evidence that can either support or undermine the validity of a hypothesis.

If the additional evidence does not support or corroborate the hypothesis, the investigator will abandon that hypothesis and formulate another.

Individuals are advised to be especially aware of remaining as objective as possible throughout the investigation process.

The primary difference is that a theory about a particular crime explains why and how a specific crime occurred, while a general theory of crime attempts to explain different crime rates in different cities or why one type of person is more prone than others to commit assault.

The investigator must put all the pieces together into a comprehensive pattern that links the facts and hypotheses to one another and contains no internal contradictions.

Variables in a research context are factors that can change and affect the outcome of a situation. An example is cold or humidity affecting the chances of starting a car.

Hypotheses in a research context are statements about the effects or results certain causes or actions might produce. They provide a basis for testing and exploring potential outcomes.

Both involve gathering, documenting, and evaluating facts. They also require careful reading, thinking, and diligent study to understand fundamental concepts.

Laboratory work to match the blood type of stains on a knife to the victim's blood type and examining wounds to determine if the knife could have caused them are necessary steps in a criminal investigation.

This process involves gathering specific pieces of accurate information about a crime, systematically observing the details of the crime scene, and determining the interrelation and relevance of the gathered facts.

The primary focus is to structure all scientific studies and introduce fundamental research concepts and methodologies.

The text emphasizes applying new terms to everyday situations to understand fundamental research concepts.

Data in a research context is the recorded observations and measurements gathered by researchers to search for meaningful patterns. It is gathered through systematic observation and measurement.

The primary role of a theory in a criminal investigation is to explain the crime by linking facts and constructing a coherent explanation.

The primary role of an experiment is to conduct a research project according to scientific rules, with the researcher having control over some of the variables.

If additional evidence does not support a hypothesis, the investigator should reevaluate the hypothesis and consider alternative explanations.

The emphasized requirement is careful reading, thinking, and diligent study to understand the intricacies of the research process.

As a continuum encompassing both quantitative and qualitative methods

Relying solely on qualitative methods for all research questions

Facing similar procedural dilemmas

To expand knowledge in general

Applied research is conducted to address specific organizational problems

For the satisfaction derived from struggling with important questions

The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake

Qualitative research

Verstehen

Inability to convey the richness and complexity of human behavior

Complex networks of meaning and human behavior

Quantitative research

Phenomenology and existentialism

Lots of numbers and commentary on their meanings

Reliability of the information-gathering process

Nondeterministic and subjective point of view

The rise of capitalism

Its ability to convey the richness and complexity of human behavior

Verstehen

Empathy and interpretive understanding of subjects' behavior

Participant observation

Creating a detailed record of observations

Structured interviews, oral or written life stories, and document analysis

Descriptive, narrative form, and supplemented with photographs and direct quotations

Participant observation limits the scope of study to small groups or circumscribed sociocultural scenes

Minimizing the impact of the researcher’s presence, maintaining subjects’ anonymity, and obtaining voluntary consent

The researcher may become so involved that they lose objectivity

Maintaining some distance between the researcher and those being observed

The generalizability of the results

Humanities

Descriptive details and narrative form