Research Methodology: Sampling Techniques

<p>Stratified Random Sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The selection process is based on characteristics or availability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not allow for generalizing the results to the larger population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is easy and cost-effective to recruit participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reference section of a primary source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying and discussing a specific topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In-depth analysis of theoretical frameworks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-referenced tests measure individual performance against a standard group, while criterion-referenced tests measure against a fixed standard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ordinal scales that measure agreement or frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-inference observations involve subjective judgments while low-inference observations are more objective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistency in data interpretation may be compromised. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing structured guidelines for observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By revealing previously established studies and identifying gaps. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides an opportunity to create impactful research addressing these contradictions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An original article or report presenting direct research findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When few or no closely related studies exist, or when literature can substantiate the hypothesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A quantitative synthesis of previous studies using statistical methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different methods affect the credibility and reliability of the results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides organization flexibility for later analysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Construct a hypothesis without prior knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain the lived meaning of specific experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close observation avoids preconceived categories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By describing them as lived experiences with no causal links (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sudden, deep understanding of life meaning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a complete phenomenological description from specific instances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify significant phrases that reveal fundamental experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic meanings and expressive quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should disregard theories to promote freedom of thought (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures data represents the larger population and findings can be generalized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applied research targets practical issues, while basic research aims to extend theoretical understanding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance practices and outcomes within a specific context or institution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It entails systematic examination of documentation to investigate events or ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants are fully educated on the study and voluntarily agree to participate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To preserve privacy and mitigate potential harm or discomfort for participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate research proposals to ensure ethical standards are maintained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They emphasize the teacher's role in guiding students versus merely placing them in situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He emphasizes prejudice's role in understanding and interpretation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assumptions and prior knowledge influencing interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For ignoring power structures and ideologies in interpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reconstruct the original meaning of the text. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It informs interpretive methodologies for examining texts and practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The deeper, hidden meanings carried by symbols and texts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Step-by-step linear approaches to understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It focuses on ideological and power dynamics in understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals from whom data are gathered in research, known as participants or subjects.

The collective group of individuals from whom data are collected in a study.

A sampling method where each member has a known chance of selection, aiming for a representative sample.

The extent to which repeated random samples will differ from the population average.

A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

The issue of randomly selected participants not completing the research study.

A sampling method ensuring that subgroups within a population are proportionally represented.

A non-probability sampling method where participants are chosen based on their availability.

Helps researchers identify gaps and avoid duplication by revealing previously studied topics.

Identifying limitations in research by examining successful and unsuccessful methods in existing studies.

Identifying opposing results provides opportunities for new research to resolve issues.

Theories are used to justify hypotheses when related studies are scarce or not directly related.

Primary sources present original research; secondary sources discuss or summarize primary research.

A quantitative review that synthesizes studies using statistics to determine an overall effect.

Electronic notes allow for easy organization and categorization of research articles.

Notes should include a study summary, analysis, and relevance to the research problem.

A section in a primary source that lists other relevant articles.

A review identifying and discussing a topic without detailed study analysis.

Assess reviews by coverage, citations, and relevance to research problems.

Cognitive measures assess knowledge; non-cognitive measures gauge attitudes or feelings.

Norm-referenced tests compare test-takers to others; criterion-referenced tests assess against a standard.

Questionnaires are easy to distribute, cost-effective, and can gather large amounts of data.

Techniques like training observers and using structured protocols to minimize bias.

Validity refers to how accurately a tool measures what it's supposed to measure.

Sampling is crucial for ensuring data is representative and findings can be generalized.

Applied research solves practical problems; basic research expands theoretical understanding.

Action research aims to improve practices and outcomes in specific contexts or institutions.

Analytical research involves systematic analysis of documents or artifacts to explore events or ideas.

Informed consent requires participants to understand and voluntarily agree to participate, ensuring ethical integrity.

Protecting participants' anonymity and confidentiality is critical for privacy and to prevent harm.

IRBs review research proposals to ensure adherence to ethical standards before data collection begins.

Phenomenology seeks to understand and interpret the fundamental structures of lived educational experiences.

He argues the Enlightenment's view ignores the productive role of prejudice in understanding.

Assumptions and prior knowledge shape interpretation of texts.

Critiques Gadamer for neglecting power structures that distort understanding.

To reconstruct a text's original meaning, understanding the author deeply.

Informs methodologies like thematic analysis and critical hermeneutics.

Explores hidden meanings in symbols and texts beyond surface interpretation.

Challenges linear understanding by promoting iterative and relational thinking.

Schleiermacher focuses on author's intention; Gadamer emphasizes text-interpreter dialogue.

1. Description of personal experiences 2) Conversational interview 3) Close observation

In-depth interviews seek biographical data; conversational interviews focus on lived experiences.

A sudden insight into the meaning of life experiences that deeply impacts us.

Anecdotes should be written as lived experiences without generalizations or abstract interpretations.

Close observation avoids preconceived ideas; participant observation uses existing categories.

A method used to highlight phrases that reveal essential aspects of experiences.

Researchers should set aside theories to gain freedom in their phenomenological investigations.

To transition from specific experiences to broader universal insights.