Research Methodology: Reasoning and Techniques

What is the primary purpose of the deductive method in scientific research?

What is the first step in the inductive method?

Which scientific method is characterized as a 'bottom-up' approach?

What is the final step in the deductive method?

What is the primary goal of the scientific method?

What is the key difference between the deductive and inductive methods?

What is the primary source of original knowledge according to rationalism?

What is the term for the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?

Which of the following is a characteristic of science?

What is the term for reasoning from the particular to the general?

What is the phrase that describes the idea that scientific knowledge builds upon previous discoveries?

What is the term that describes the ongoing and continuous nature of scientific inquiry?

What is the primary source of knowledge according to empiricism?

Why is it essential to be cautious when relying on expert opinion?

What is the meaning of the term 'empirical'?

What is the primary reason people rely on expert opinion?

What is the relationship between experience and knowledge according to the text?

What is the importance of critically evaluating expert opinion?

The deductive method involves 3 steps: stating a hypothesis, collecting data to test it, and making a decision to accept or reject it.
The deductive method is a "top-down" approach, useful for testing theories and hypotheses.
The inductive method also involves 3 steps: observing the world, searching for a pattern, and making a generalization.
The inductive method is a "bottom-up" approach, useful for generating theories and hypotheses.

Historically, reasoning was referred to as rationalism, where original knowledge comes from thought and reasoning.
There are two main forms of reasoning: deductive reasoning (drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises) and inductive reasoning (reasoning from the particular to the general).

Science has several distinguishing characteristics: it is progressive, rational, creative, dynamic, open, critical, and never-ending.
Science stands on the shoulders of giants, building upon previous knowledge.

There are four sources of knowledge: experience, expert opinion, reasoning, and authority.
Experience involves knowledge coming from direct observation and experimentation.
Expert opinion involves relying on the knowledge of experts in a specific area, ensuring the expert is credible and unbiased.
Reasoning involves drawing conclusions from evidence and arguments.