Research Methodology Overview

False (B)

The ways that language constitutes social reality and its effects.

<p>procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structured interviews = Uses a specific set of questions and reduces bias Semi-structured interviews = Combines flexibility with reliability Unstructured interviews = Very flexible, driven by participants' responses Focus groups = Involves small groups discussing psychological characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coercing participants into the study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time consuming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A segment of the population selected for investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>median</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population = Universe of units from which a sample is selected Sampling frame = List of units from which to draw a sample Representative sample = Accurately reflects the population Sample bias = Distortion in representativeness of sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To describe basic features of data in a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>averaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are measured or registered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate whether a hypothesis is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convenience sampling = Subjects are easily accessible Purposive sampling = Selected based on specific characteristics Stratified sampling = Sampling from specified subgroups Cluster sampling = Samples chosen from pre-existing groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An estimated range likely to include an unknown parameter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between the sample and the population from which it is selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>more people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is based on the researcher's judgment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for fast results and low cost. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patterns, themes, biases, and meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>federal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-sectional = Snapshot of one point in time Longitudinal = Pattern over time Trend study = Track changes in the same population Panel study = Track changes with the same people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethnomethodology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to Information Act and Privacy Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive claims = Describe a phenomenon Interpretive claims = Understand meanings behind actions Explanatory claims = Investigate causes and effects Evaluative claims = Assess certain outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavior is limited to verbal responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representativeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

The difference between a sample's characteristics and the true characteristics of the population it represents.

A type of sample where each member of the population has a known and non-zero chance of being selected.

A sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.

A sample where you select every nth member of the population, starting from a random point.

A sample where you divide the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly select from each subgroup.

A range of values that is likely to contain the true value of a population parameter.

The amount of error that is likely to occur when generalizing from a sample to the population.

Sampling where not every member of the population has a known chance of being selected.

A sample where you choose participants because they are easy to reach or accessible.

A sample where you choose participants because they have a specific characteristic or quality.

A structured approach to research that emphasizes logical reasoning, explicit procedures, and openness to scrutiny. It relies on consensus regarding assumptions and methods.

Research conducted by a researcher directly observing and studying a phenomenon firsthand.

Research based on findings and conclusions derived from other researchers' work.

A method that examines the unspoken rules and structures guiding social interactions, often using recordings and transcripts.

A broader analysis focusing on how language shapes social reality, encompassing verbal and visual communication.

A method that explores how power dynamics and social dominance are reflected and perpetuated through language and text.

Ensuring research participants are not coerced into participating and have the freedom to choose.

Participants must receive complete information about the procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the research.

Researchers must avoid putting participants in situations that could cause physical or psychological harm.

Maintaining confidentiality means protecting participants' information from unauthorized access, while anonymity ensures their identities remain hidden, even to researchers.

The process of converting abstract concepts into measurable variables. This involves identifying empirical indicators and creating research instruments to measure the concept.

A variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher. Its variation is known or taken into account. It is often seen as the cause in a study.

A variable that is measured or observed. Its variation is influenced by the independent variable. It is the outcome or effect of the study you are interested in.

A variable with categories that have no inherent order or ranking, only difference.

A variable where categories can be ranked in order, but the distance between categories is not equal or known.

A variable with categories that can be ranked, and the distance between them is equal and known.

A relationship where two variables vary together. This means they change in a related way, but one doesn't necessarily cause the other.

A relationship where one variable directly causes a change in another.

A relationship between two variables that appears to be causal, but is actually caused by a third, hidden factor.

A branch of statistics that focuses on summarizing and describing basic features of data in a study. This includes measures of central tendency and dispersion.

A group discussion guided or unguided, focusing on a specific topic relevant to the group and researcher, often used for qualitative data collection.

The facilitator in a focus group who guides discussion and encourages participants to share their thoughts openly.

The phenomenon where the interactions, voices, and reactions of participants in a focus group create a synergistic effect, stimulating deeper discussion and insights.

Rich and detailed content, comparable to interviews, assessment of research topics and problems, insight into personal stories, flexibility, fast results, low cost.

Unnatural setting, limited to verbal responses, less control than interviews, data analysis challenges, skilled moderators required, group differences impacting reliability, potentially restrictive environment.

Research that examines past events and behavior to understand how specific individuals acted or how realities or practices came to be.

Research that analyzes specific individuals, social groups, or processes in the present day to make descriptive, interpretive, explanatory, evaluative, and reformist claims.

A research method involving prolonged immersion in a group, observing behavior, listening to conversations, and conducting interviews to understand a group's culture and behavior within its context.

A method that analyzes the codes and unconscious belief systems underlying our spoken and written communication and everyday actions, including media content and intercultural communication.

A systematic and detailed examination of material to identify patterns, themes, biases, and meanings in written documents, photos, films, videos, or audio recordings.

Canadian laws granting citizens the right to access federal government records and personal information, while protecting against unauthorized use and disclosure.

Assessing the genuineness of a document and verifying its authorship through internal/external evidence.

Evaluating the reliability of a document's information, considering potential distortions and underlying biases.

Assessing whether a document is representative of a wider set of relevant documents.

Reliability: consistency of a measurement tool; Validity: accuracy of a measure in capturing the intended concept.