Research Methodology and Philosophies

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Questions and Answers

Which qualitative research method focuses on the relationships between themes?

  • Thematic analysis
  • Content analysis
  • Relational content analysis (correct)
  • Grounded theory

What is the initial step in content analysis?

  • Create a code book
  • Develop research aims and select data (correct)
  • Identify themes
  • Condense the text into manageable units

Which of the following best describes 'inductive' reasoning in content analysis?

  • Focuses primarily on sample size
  • Starts with a theory and tests it with data
  • Develops theories based on the data collected (correct)
  • Involves descriptive statistics

In a qualitative context, which analysis method is primarily concerned with the linguistic aspects of interactions?

<p>Conversation analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conceptual content analysis primarily focus on?

<p>Existence and frequency of concepts or themes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mixed methods research, what is a primary distinguishing feature of qualitative approaches?

<p>Emphasis on understanding depth of experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves breaking the text into sentences and phrases during content analysis?

<p>Condense units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does quantitative content analysis typically focus on?

<p>Numerical frequency of themes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of qualitative data in research?

<p>To understand subjective experiences and feelings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'methodology' in qualitative research?

<p>A package of theory, method, and design elements for research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ontology perspective argues that reality is consistent and objective for all individuals?

<p>Realist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epistemology, which perspective emphasizes that knowledge is influenced by social, cultural, and historical contexts?

<p>Relativist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of semi-structured interviews in qualitative data collection?

<p>They allow for flexibility while maintaining some structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reflexivity in qualitative research?

<p>The awareness of how the researcher's background influences data interpretation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-text-based method of collecting qualitative data?

<p>Repertory grids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does critical realism suggest about the relationship between reality and knowledge?

<p>There is one reality, but it is understood through interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary ethical concern when using social media content in qualitative research?

<p>The expectation of consent from individuals whose data is used. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not accurately represent a characteristic of positivism?

<p>Human experiences are central to understanding reality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pluralistic methods

A research approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

Thematic analysis

A qualitative research method that focuses on identifying and analyzing themes within a dataset.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

A qualitative method that investigates the lived experiences and interpretations of participants.

Discourse analysis (DA)

A method examining patterns of language use and how words shape meaning and communication.

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Conversation Analysis - Linguistic Side

A method that focuses on the detailed analysis of conversation and interaction.

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Grounded theory

A qualitative method that develops theories based on systematic analysis of data.

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Ethnography

A research method used to understand the culture, beliefs, and practices of a group of people.

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Content analysis

A method used to analyze the content of texts and other forms of communication.

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What is qualitative research?

Qualitative research focuses on understanding subjective experiences, thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.

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What can be gained from qualitative data?

Recurrent themes in qualitative data can be used to generate hypotheses, develop survey components, create classification systems, build conceptual models, and inform quantitative research.

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What is a 'method' in qualitative research?

A 'method' refers to a specific process or tool used in qualitative research to analyze or collect data.

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What is ontology?

Ontology explores the nature of reality, specifically the 'WHAT' - what is real, what can you know, and what is your view of reality?

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What is epistemology?

Epistemology explores the 'HOW' of knowing reality - how can you study the real world, what do you know, and how do you learn?

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What is a research paradigm?

A research paradigm combines ontology and epistemology to create a framework for understanding reality.

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What is a positivist paradigm?

A positivist paradigm believes in one objective reality that can be measured and tested scientifically, emphasizing objectivity.

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What are some qualitative research methods?

Qualitative research methods include interviews, focus groups, and observations, aiming to collect rich data about human experiences.

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What is reflexivity?

Reflexivity is the process of critically examining your own biases, experiences, and perspectives as a researcher, ensuring your research remains objective.

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What are some examples of existing data?

Existing data, such as news articles, social media posts, diaries, and letters, can be valuable resources for qualitative research.

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Study Notes

Qualitative Data

  • Focuses on understanding thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
  • Aims to discover recurring themes and generate hypotheses.
  • Provides insights for surveys, testimonies, and conceptual models.
  • Can inform quantitative research.

Methodology

  • Umbrella term encompassing theory, methods, and research design.
  • Method is a specific process or tool used to collect or analyze data.

Ontology and Epistemology

  • Ontology: Nature of reality, the "what."
    • Realist: Objective, stable reality.
    • Idealist: Reality shaped by ideas and perspectives.
    • Relativist: Reality depends on context.
  • Epistemology: Theory of "how" to examine reality.
    • How can we study the real world?
    • How do we gain knowledge?

Research Paradigms

  • Positivism: Single, measurable objective reality.
  • Critical Realism: Single reality, but known through interaction.
  • Constructivism: Multiple realities needing interpretation.
  • Pragmatism: Using whatever works.

Qualitative Data Collection

  • Interviews: Structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
    • Semi-structured is most common.
  • Focus Groups: Group discussions providing multiple perspectives.
  • Observations: Covert or overt, participant or non-participant.
  • Existing Data: Publicly available media, archives, diaries, letters, and more.
  • Ethics: Must be considered when using public content.

Reflexivity

  • Qualitative researchers acknowledge subjective interpretations.
  • Self-reflection is crucial for acknowledging biases and potential influences.

Non-Text Based Methods

  • Reportiory grids; Q-methodology; microanalysis (audio/video).

Text-Based Methods

  • Thematic Analysis: Identifying recurring themes.
  • Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): Understanding meaning.
  • Discourse Analysis (DA): Examining language use.
  • Conversation Analysis: Focus on linguistic aspects.
  • Grounded Theory: Building theory from data.
  • Ethnography: Studying culture.
  • Content Analysis: Identifying frequency of concepts.
    • Conceptual: Counts concepts.
    • Relational: Examines relationships between themes.
  • Inductive vs Deductive: Research approaches.
  • Manifest vs Latent: Analysis levels in content analysis.

Qualitative vs Quantitative

  • Example Research Question: Patient perception and anxiety coping mechanisms.
  • Qualitative Approach: In-depth interviews exploring feelings and experiences.
  • Quantitative Approach: Survey using standardized scales (e.g., anxiety level) to measure anxiety, mental health literacy, and coping mechanisms in a large group.

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