Qualitative Research Paradigms and Objectives
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Questions and Answers

What is a key aspect that critical theory must achieve?

  • It must emphasize universal truths.
  • It must be explanatory, practical, and normative. (correct)
  • It must adhere strictly to scientific methods.
  • It must focus solely on subjective experiences.

    • What does interpretivism emphasize about knowledge?

  • Social reality can be interpreted through external perspectives.
  • Knowledge is an absolute truth discoverable through observation.
  • Knowledge must consider subjective human experiences. (correct)
  • It rejects the notion of socially constructed realities.

    • What is the primary goal of postmodern perspective?

  • To establish a single correct interpretation of reality.
  • To celebrate and respect local differences over universal concepts. (correct)
  • To find absolute truths through rationality.
  • To promote a fixed understanding of social constructs.

    • According to the content, reality is best described as:

    <p>A socially constructed phenomenon influenced by individual perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which framework rejects the idea of a fixed universal foundation for reality?

    <p>Postmodernism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does post positivism emphasize in research?

    <p>Finding absolute truths through generalized assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epistemology as described in the content?

    <p>It investigates how knowledge can be known and understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The approach that focuses on individual constructs of meaning is known as:

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of exploratory research objectives?

    <p>Discovering a concept or situation to advance understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four criteria for a good research question?

    <p>Unrelated to the statement of purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a null hypothesis represent in social research?

    <p>A claim that asserts no effect or relationship exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research, what is meant by 'empirical questions'?

    <p>Questions answerable by real experiences in the real world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypothesis specifically predicts the direction of a relationship?

    <p>Directional hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the explanation objective in social research?

    <p>Developing theories to explain relationships among concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research objective involves describing and identifying a phenomenon's nature?

    <p>Description</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of ethical questions in research?

    <p>They often involve subjective moral judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of exploratory research?

    <p>To develop a preliminary understanding of a phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step involves identifying the research purpose?

    <p>Problem formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of research approach?

    <p>Exploratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a case study in qualitative research?

    <p>Empirical inquiry of a bounded entity within its real-world context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data collection method is primarily associated with narrative studies?

    <p>Primarily interviews and documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the constructivist paradigm recognize in qualitative research?

    <p>The subjective human creation of meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the research process, what is involved in the data analysis phase?

    <p>Transcribing raw data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of a biographical study within qualitative research?

    <p>It records the experiences of a person's life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes auto-ethnography?

    <p>It includes personal narratives and cultural meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of phenomenology in research?

    <p>To explore the meaning of lived experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research method evaluates interventions with unclear outcomes?

    <p>Exploratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of narrative studies focuses on the setting where characters develop their stories?

    <p>Scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of ethnography in research?

    <p>To describe and interpret the culture of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of research is the focus on a unique case?

    <p>Intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of history involves gathering personal reflections and testimonies?

    <p>Oral history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily used as data collection in ethnography?

    <p>Observations and interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of probability sampling?

    <p>It relies on randomness and probability theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does data saturation refer to in research?

    <p>Realizing no new information is being gathered from interviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique is used when researchers deliberately include a wide variety of phenomena?

    <p>Maximum variation sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of non-probability sampling?

    <p>Extreme case sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes theoretical saturation?

    <p>Involves identifying all main variations of a phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of intensity sampling?

    <p>Choosing individuals that exhibit the phenomenon of interest strongly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does critical case sampling prioritize in participant selection?

    <p>Individuals who showcase a phenomenon or position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is best suited for studies aiming for in-depth understanding of a particular phenomenon among similar individuals?

    <p>Homogenous sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary strategy for reducing researcher bias?

    <p>Admitting personal predispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an audit trail play in research confirmability?

    <p>It allows observers to trace the research process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for ensuring credibility in qualitative research?

    <p>Engaging in prolonged interaction with participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can transferability be ensured in qualitative research findings?

    <p>By demonstrating that findings are repeatable in similar contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thick description in qualitative research?

    <p>Providing detailed context about the study participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by member checks in qualitative research?

    <p>Having participants verify the accuracy of data collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prolonged engagement in the field achieve in qualitative studies?

    <p>It helps understand contexts and build trust with participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the purpose of purposive sampling?

    <p>To ensure participants are typical of the phenomenon being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Qualitative Research Paradigms

    • Realism: An external reality exists independently of human perception.
    • Idealism: Reality is only knowable through the human mind and socially constructed meanings.
    • Materialism: Reality consists solely of material features, excluding concepts like values or beliefs.
    • Symbolic Interactionism: A theoretical perspective focusing on subjective understandings of symbols and objects.
    • Critical Theory: Addresses issues of emancipation and social justice.
    • Postmodernism: Rejects the notion of objective knowledge.

    Qualitative Research Objectives

    • Exploration: Discovering a phenomenon through inductive methods.
    • Description: Identifying and describing a phenomenon's characteristics.
    • Explanation: Developing a theory for explaining relationships among concepts.
    • Influence: Manipulating conditions to produce anticipated outcomes.

    Qualitative Research Questions

    • Empirical questions can be answered by real-world experience.
    • Ethical questions involve moral judgments and often lack definite answers.
    • Qualitative questions aim to understand contexts, meanings, and how people experience specific topics.

    Research Design Types

    • Exploratory: Investigating an area with limited understanding.
    • Descriptive: Detailed portrayal of a phenomenon without explaining causes.
    • Explanatory: Examining the reasons for a phenomenon.
    • Evaluative: Assessing the effectiveness of factors.
    • Generative: Creating new ideas or theories.
    • Ideological: Supporting or critiquing a specific belief system.

    Qualitative Data Collection Methods

    • Interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured): Data gathered through conversations.
    • Observations: Describing behavior and interactions in natural settings.
    • Focus Groups: Group discussions to collect in-depth perspectives.
    • Documents: Gathering data from written texts.

    Qualitative data analysis

    • Thematic analysis
    • Conversation analysis
    • Discourse analysis
    • Hermeneutics

    Data Quality Considerations

    • Credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability are critical for evaluating the trustworthiness of qualitative studies.
    • Member checks, negative case analysis, prolonged engagement, thick descriptions, and audit trails increase trustworthiness.
    • Pilot Studies: Small-scale trials to refine research methodologies and procedures.

    Ethical Considerations

    • Voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity, and confidentiality are fundamental ethical principles.
    • Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) review research proposals involving human subjects.
    • Researchers must avoid harm to participants and ensure equitable distribution of research benefits.
    • Cultural sensitivity and respect are essential in all research involving diverse populations.

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    Related Documents

    Qualitative Research Paradigms PDF

    Description

    Explore the key paradigms of qualitative research including realism, idealism, and critical theory. Understand the objectives such as exploration and description, while examining the types of questions you can formulate in qualitative research. Each paradigm offers unique insights into how we comprehend social phenomena.

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