Research Methodology and Design
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Questions and Answers

An individual tells themselves that 'no one will notice' before proceeding with an action that leads to serious consequences. What type of plagiarism is most likely being committed?

  • Self-Plagiarism
  • Misattribution Plagiarism
  • Mosaic Plagiarism (correct)
  • Patchwork Plagiarism

A medical researcher aims to study the health habits of adults aged 18-65 within a city and wants to create small subgroups based on the specific city districts they live in. What sampling method is most suitable for this?

  • Stratified Sampling (correct)
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Random Sampling
  • Quota Sampling

A teacher collects data on students' study habits and their academic performance, finding a correlation between consistent study hours and higher grades. What type of research did the teacher most likely use?

  • Experimental Research
  • Survey Research
  • Causal-Comparative Research
  • Correlational Research (correct)

Which of these research studies is most likely to be an experiment?

<p>A study to find out if using concept maps can increase achievement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research study is most likely to be a case study?

<p>“Personal Journeys of Overcoming Addiction: Experiences of Recovery” (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to understand the lived experiences of refugees adjusting to a new country. Which qualitative research approach is most suitable?

<p>Phenomenology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher notices a pattern in a small group and wants to develop a new theory about it. Which qualitative research approach is most applicable?

<p>Grounded Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher intends to observe the cultural norms, beliefs, and social interactions among a specific indigenous community. Which qualitative research method aligns best with this objective?

<p>Ethnography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?

<p>Quantitative research includes surveys and experiments, while qualitative research includes field research and case studies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a brainstorming session, which scenario best exemplifies the 'cause and effect' relationship?

<p>The heavy rain caused flooding in the streets which led to road closures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behavior. What is the main purpose of this study?

<p>Explanation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is most detrimental to a successful brainstorming session?

<p>Early criticism of ideas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group is discussing the qualities of a good research instrument. Which considerations are most important for ensuring the instrument's quality?

<p>A research instrument must pass the validity and reliability test. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sections would you expect to find in the research methodology of a quantitative study?

<p>Statistical analysis procedures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research instrument is most suitable for gathering in-depth qualitative data?

<p>An open-ended survey with opportunities for detailed responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to understand the lived experiences of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Which research design is most appropriate?

<p>Phenomenological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a research study, what is the key difference between maintaining confidentiality and ensuring anonymity of participant data?

<p>Confidentiality means the researcher knows the participants' identities but protects their data, while anonymity means the researcher cannot link responses to individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is conducting a study on the lived experiences of immigrants adapting to a new culture. Which qualitative research approach would be the most appropriate?

<p>Ethnography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it ethically permissible to collect Personally Identifiable Information (PII) in a research study?

<p>Only when it is essential to the study protocol and justified by the research objectives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A historian aims to investigate the long-term effects of a specific policy on urban development by examining governmental records, newspaper articles, and personal letters from the period. Which qualitative research method aligns best with this research goal?

<p>Historical Analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research team is analyzing social media posts to understand public perception of a new government policy. They are focusing on identifying recurring themes, sentiments, and arguments presented in the texts. Which qualitative research method are they employing?

<p>Content and Discourse Analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which qualitative research approach is most suitable when a researcher aims to develop a new theory based on the data collected during the study?

<p>Grounded Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is interested in understanding how individuals make sense of their experiences related to a rare medical condition. Which type of qualitative research would be most applicable?

<p>Phenomenology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research involves studying a single person, group, organization, or situation over a long period?

<p>Case Study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is developing an organizational plan for a synthesis essay based on their thesis. Which of the following actions would be LEAST helpful in ensuring an effective synthesis?

<p>Prioritizing the quantity of sources used for each main point over the quality of their analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is deciding whether to use a primary or secondary source for their study. In what way is a primary literature source generally considered more valuable to a researcher than a secondary literature source?

<p>It provides detailed information about all aspects of the study, unfiltered by interpretation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When writing the background section of a study, which of the following best integrates the problem statement, rationale, and research questions?

<p>It presents a clearly defined problem, the approach to address it, and the significance of the research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is constructing a conceptual framework for their research. Which of the following steps is NOT typically included in the process?

<p>Mapping relationships between all possible variables, regardless of relevance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective approach to ensure smooth flow of ideas when writing the background of a study?

<p>Concisely connecting the introduction to the study's rationale and research questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining the suitability of a research topic, which consideration focuses on the novelty and originality of the proposed study?

<p>Verifying the topic introduces new elements or perspectives to existing knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to establish a clear and strong thesis statement for synthesis writing. Which element is least crucial for incorporating into their thesis statement?

<p>Explicitly stating the chosen method of analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When including multiple quotes or findings in a synthesis, how should a writer ensure that these sources effectively support their argument?

<p>Relating both sources to the main idea and to each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to investigate how various factors influence individuals' approaches to finding employment. According to the given information, what is the primary aim of this study design?

<p>Explanation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A university is considering constructing a covered pathway to improve student mobility across campus. The overarching research question is: "What kind of covered path should the university construct?" Which of the following specific questions would be LEAST suitable for guiding this research?

<p>Is there any relationship between the construction of covered pathways on the academic performance of students? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is stating the question negatively most appropriate?

<p>When significant learning outcomes require it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to formulating research questions, a researcher reviews existing literature. What benefit does this process primarily offer?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of the introduction section of a research study?

<p>To provide an overview of the research study and explain its significance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to study the impact of a new teaching method on student test scores. To ensure a robust research design, what should the researcher prioritize?

<p>Randomly assigning students to different groups and controlling for extraneous variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating the quality of a research problem statement, which aspect is MOST critical?

<p>Whether the statement aligns with the research instrument and is clear and concise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of a research paper would you MOST likely find a discussion of historical, cultural, academic, or scientific events relevant to the research topic?

<p>Introduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Dela Cruz excluded unfavorable results to present only data supporting the drug's success. What type of scientific misconduct did he demonstrate?

<p>Fabrication and falsification of data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement incorrectly describes APA citation guidelines for a reference list?

<p>The first word should be capitalized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Castro researched the increasing frequency of wildfires, linking them to rising temperatures, droughts, and human activities. What type of quantitative research did she most likely use?

<p>Correlational Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sheila, an anthropologist, studies the Tausug culture through living within the community and observing their customs. Which research method is Sheila employing?

<p>Participant Observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to study the impact of a new teaching method on student test scores. To ensure rigor, what is the MOST crucial step they should take during the experimental design?

<p>Randomly assign students to control and experimental groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study finds a strong positive correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates. What is the MOST accurate interpretation of this result?

<p>A third variable, such as warmer weather, may influence both ice cream sales and crime rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST significant ethical consideration when conducting research involving human subjects?

<p>Obtaining informed consent from all participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher collects data through surveys but notices a large number of incomplete responses. What is the MOST appropriate initial step to address this issue?

<p>Impute missing data using statistical methods after careful consideration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Confidentiality

Protection of participant data where only researchers can identify responses.

Anonymity

No identifying information collected; responses cannot be traced back to individuals.

Qualitative Research Types

Different forms of qualitative research include case study, ethnography, and more.

Case Study

In-depth study of an individual, group, or situation over time.

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Ethnography

Research focusing on understanding a specific cultural group.

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Phenomenology

Study of people's lived experiences and interpretations.

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Content Analysis

Examination of communication's substance and form.

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Grounded Theory

Developing new theories based on data collected during research.

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Quantitative Research

Research that starts with a theory and includes surveys, experiments, and secondary analysis.

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Qualitative Research

Research that generates hypotheses and focuses on processes, feelings, and motives to produce holistic data.

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Research Design

The plan and scheme for conducting a study, which can be historical, descriptive, or experimental.

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Brainstorming Phases

Brainstorming involves cause and effect phases to develop ideas and solutions.

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Purpose of Research

Different types of studies may aim for exploration, description, prediction, or explanation.

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Good Research Instrument

A research tool should be valid, reliable, and clearly arranged with concise questions.

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Validity and Reliability

Tests ensuring a research instrument measures what it should (validity) and produces consistent results (reliability).

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Qualities of Ideas for Brainstorming

Avoid criticizing ideas early, settling for fewer ideas, or lacking focus during brainstorming sessions.

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Self-Plagiarism

When an author reuses their previously published work without acknowledgment.

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Mosaic Plagiarism

Mixing copied phrases from various sources without proper citation.

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Misattribution Plagiarism

Crediting the wrong source for information or ideas.

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Copy and Paste Plagiarism

Directly copying text from a source without citation.

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Stratified Sampling

Dividing a population into subgroups and sampling from each group.

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Correlational Research

Examining relationships between two or more variables without manipulating them.

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Experimental Research

Manipulating variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

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Synthesis in research

The process of combining information from various sources to support a thesis.

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Thesis statement

A strong, clear claim that guides the direction of your research.

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Primary sources

Original materials like diaries, letters, and research articles directly related to the topic.

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Secondary sources

Materials that analyze or summarize primary sources; includes reviews, articles, and documentaries.

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Importance of primary sources

They provide detailed, original information critical for deep understanding in research.

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Background of the study

Context that includes key studies, problem statements, and rationale for research.

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Conceptual framework

An analytical tool that organizes ideas and guides research process and goals.

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Effective synthesis tips

Strategies for combining sources effectively, including relating them to the thesis.

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Researcher's Interest

A new or different topic a researcher wants to study.

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Factors Influencing Research

Elements like time, money, and material availability that impact research feasibility.

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Types of Research Design

Methods include historical, descriptive, and experimental designs.

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Purpose of Study

Main goals can be exploration, description, prediction, or explanation.

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Statement of the Problem

A clear and concise description reflecting the specific issues of the research.

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Review of Related Literature

Analyzing previous research to inform current study topics and methodologies.

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Research Methodologies

The approaches and techniques utilized in conducting research.

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Importance of Research Overview

Provides essential background for understanding the research purpose.

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Scientific Misconduct

Unethical practices in research, like falsifying data.

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Fabrication and Falsification of Data

Manipulating or inventing data to mislead about research findings.

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APA Citation

A style format for referencing sources in academic writing.

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Bibliography

A list of sources used in research, providing proper credit.

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Participant Observation

A research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the community being studied.

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Causal-Comparative Research

Research examining the cause-effect relationships between variables without manipulation.

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Hanging Indentation

A formatting style where the first line of a reference is flush left, and subsequent lines are indented.

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Environmental Impact of Wildfires

The consequences of wildfires on ecosystems and human communities.

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Study Notes

Research Methodology

  • Research is a systematic process of inquiry involving data collection, documentation, and analysis, using appropriate methodologies for specific fields
  • Qualitative research explores life experiences and seeks to understand their meaning
  • Quantitative research is an objective and systematic study of observable phenomena using computational methods to analyze data.
  • Qualitative research is subjective and systematic
  • Qualitative research involves studying in natural settings

Research Design

  • Research design is an overall plan for conducting a study, with types including historical, descriptive, and experimental
  • Experimental designs test variable interactions to influence outcomes
  • Case studies examine a specific instance in detail

Sampling Methods

  • Quota sampling ensures a diverse sample reflecting the population's characteristics
  • Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups, then samples from each
  • Random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of selection
  • Purposive sampling selects participants based on specific criteria

Ethical Considerations

  • Maintaining confidentiality prevents outside parties from identifying individual responses
  • Anonymity protects identities by avoiding identifiers
  • Accurate record keeping and participant assent are key ethical considerations

Research Instruments

  • Research instruments must be short, complete and properly arranged, and pass validity/reliability tests
  • Research methodologies describe the overall strategy of the research.

Qualitative Research

  • Qualitative research may use case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content and discourse analysis, and historical and grounded theory methods

Research Synthesis

  • Synthesis combines information and insights from multiple sources to highlight similarities and differences

Qualitative vs Quantitative Research

  • Quantitative research uses numbers and metrics, while qualitative research uses words and narratives
  • Quantitative research seeks to establish patterns, while qualitative research explores meaning, reasons, and motives.
  • Quantitative research may include survey, experiments, and secondary analysis whereas qualitative research often includes field research, case studies, and secondary analysis.
  • Qualitative research generally does not begin with a theory, but instead builds a theory through the research process, exploring the why and how of experiences
  • Quantitative research generally begins with a testable theory and then seeks to support or refute it.

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Description

Exploration of research methodologies, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. Examines research designs such as experimental and case studies. Covers sampling methods like quota, stratified, and random sampling techniques for data collection and analysis.

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