Research Methodology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of an observation checklist in research?

  • To analyze the results of the experiment
  • To define the hypothesis of the study
  • To assist in recording data gathered (correct)
  • To format the research paper

    • Which method involves gathering data through a series of questions that the respondents answer?

  • Experiment
  • Focus group
  • Direct observation
  • Survey (correct)

    • In quantitative research, how are responses expected to be presented?

  • Through graphic representation only
  • Either nominal or ordinal in numerical value (correct)
  • As qualitative feedback
  • In descriptive form only

    • What is an essential consideration before gathering data?

    <p>Determining the sample size and respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the experimental design in research primarily involve?

    <p>Using treatment or intervention to measure effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is part of the data collection procedure?

    <p>Administering the research instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers do if respondents are younger than 18 years old?

    <p>Ask for parent's consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers do after the data has been gathered?

    <p>Consider the data for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the overall strategy that a researcher uses to incorporate all vital components of the research study?

    <p>Research Design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classification of quantitative research designs?

    <p>Exploratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population refers to the actual population that the research aims to explore?

    <p>Target Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a researcher has reasonable access to a portion of the population, this portion is known as what?

    <p>Accessible Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design primarily utilizes already established methods and structures?

    <p>Quantitative Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research, the term 'population' refers to which of the following?

    <p>All elements under consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design compares existing groups without manipulation by the researcher?

    <p>Quasi-experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of research methodology involves the process of collecting data?

    <p>Data Gathering Procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of data analysis?

    <p>To summarize data in a way that answers research questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical techniques are part of descriptive statistics?

    <p>Frequency distribution and measure of central tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates inferential statistics from descriptive statistics?

    <p>Inferential statistics focuses on predictions and hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does univariate analysis focus on?

    <p>The analysis of one variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes parametric tests?

    <p>They assume certain parameters about the population distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of non-parametric tests?

    <p>They do not make assumptions about population distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of analysis involves the relationship between two variables?

    <p>Bivariate Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can complex computations in inferential statistics be simplified?

    <p>Computer software can be employed for aid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sampling in research?

    <p>To select a representative group that reflects the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended sample size for descriptive research?

    <p>10% to 20% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal statistical power for a research study?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does effect size indicate in research?

    <p>The magnitude of difference between experimental and control groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sample size is recommended for comparative research?

    <p>15 subjects or groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is commonly used to determine sample size for large populations?

    <p>Cochran's formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested number of participants for survey research?

    <p>800 participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sampling heuristics refer to in research design?

    <p>A set guideline for determining sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes simple random sampling?

    <p>It gives an equal chance of selection to all population members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stratified random sampling, what is the first step before selecting samples?

    <p>Dividing the population into strata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling method is best when dealing with geographically spread populations?

    <p>Cluster sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique involves selecting every nth member of the population?

    <p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of stratified random sampling over simple random sampling?

    <p>It guarantees equal representation from subgroups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a research participant?

    <p>To provide informed consent for research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a research instrument?

    <p>Research hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of cluster sampling?

    <p>It focuses on the population's characteristics after clustering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methodology

    • Research Design - A comprehensive strategy that guides the researcher through the various stages of a study.
    • Research Design - Quantitative designs are typically pre-established. Having a well-defined design helps researchers understand the data they are analyzing and interpreting.
    • Five Quantitative Research Designs:
      • Descriptive
      • Correlational
      • Ex Post Facto
      • Quasi-experimental
      • Experimental
    • Research Sampling - The process of selecting a representative group from a population to be studied.
    • Population - The entire group of individuals, objects, or elements that share common characteristics under investigation.
    • Two Types of Population:
      • Target Population - The actual group of interest in the study.
      • Accessible Population - The subset of the population that the researcher has reasonable access to.
    • Sample - A smaller, representative group selected from the population for the study.
    • Sample Size Heuristics:
      • Descriptive Research - 10-20% of the population.
      • Comparative Research - 15 subjects or groups.
      • Survey - 800 individuals.
      • Correlational - 100-200 individuals.
      • Ex Post Facto - 30+ individuals.
      • Experimental - 30 or more individuals.
    • Sample Size Formulas:
      • Formulas provide a more precise way to determine sample size based on variables like population size and desired level of confidence.
      • The Cochran formula is particularly useful for large sample sizes.
    • Power Analysis:
      • Statistical Power - The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
      • Ideal statistical power for a study is 80%.
      • Power analysis helps determine the sufficient sample size to detect a specific effect size.
      • Effect Size - The magnitude of the difference between the experimental and control groups.
    • Probability Sampling Techniques:
      • Simple Random Sampling - Every member of the accessible population has an equal chance of being selected. Methods include fishbowl technique, roulette wheel, or using a table of random numbers.
      • Stratified Random Sampling - The population is first divided into strata based on specific characteristics, then samples are randomly selected from each strata. This is useful when studying variables like gender, grade level, etc.
      • Cluster Sampling - Used for large-scale, geographically dispersed populations. The population is divided into clusters, and then a predetermined number of clusters are randomly sampled.
      • Systematic Sampling - Samples are selected at regular intervals (e.g., every 5th individual) until the desired sample size is reached.
    • Research Participants - Individuals who voluntarily participate in research studies after providing informed consent.
    • Research Instruments - Tools for gathering data, like:
      • Performance tests
      • Questionnaires
      • Interviews
      • Observation checklists
    • Techniques in Collecting Data:
      • Observation - Gathering data by observing behaviors or events, either directly or using devices.
      • Survey - Using questionnaires or interviews to collect numerical, categorical, or ordinal responses.
      • Experiment - Testing the effects of a treatment or intervention on participants.
    • Three Phases in Gathering Data:
      • Before Data Collection:
        • Prepare research instruments
        • Obtain necessary permissions
        • Determine sample size and respondents
        • Secure informed consent (for participants 18 years or older) or parental consent (for minors).
        • Pilot test instruments (if needed).
      • During Data Collection:
        • Clearly instruct respondents.
        • Administer the research instrument or implement the intervention.
        • Carefully collect and record responses.
      • After Data Collection:
        • Summarize data in tabular form.
        • Analyze data to answer research questions.
    • Data Analysis - The process of organizing, summarizing, and interpreting data to answer research questions.
    • Statistical Treatment - Specific statistical methods and formulas used to analyze research data.
    • Descriptive Statistical Techniques:
      • Summary of data that provides an overview of the sample, including:
        • Frequency distributions
        • Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
        • Standard deviation
    • Inferential Statistics:
      • Used to draw inferences about the population based on the sample data.
      • Includes techniques for:
        • Testing hypotheses
        • Making predictions
        • Generalizing findings
        • Drawing conclusions
    • Types of Statistical Analysis of Variables:
      • Univariate Analysis - Examining a single variable.
      • Bivariate Analysis - Examining the relationship between two variables (e.g., independent and dependent variables).
      • Multivariate Analysis - Examining the relationship between multiple variables.
    • Parametric Tests vs Non-Parametric Tests:
      • Parametric Tests - Make assumptions about the distribution of the population data (often assuming a normal distribution).
      • Non-Parametric Tests - Distribution-free, and can be used with non-normal variables.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential aspects of research methodology in this quiz. Explore various research designs, sampling techniques, and the definitions of key terms related to quantitative research. Perfect for students and researchers looking to solidify their understanding of research methodologies.

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