3I's Review Questions PDF

3I’s Review Questions 1. Maintaining confidentiality of information collected from research participants means that only the investigator(s) can identify the responses of individual participants. Regardless, the researchers must make every effort to prevent anyone outside of the project from...

3I’s Review Questions 1. Maintaining confidentiality of information collected from research participants means that only the investigator(s) can identify the responses of individual participants. Regardless, the researchers must make every effort to prevent anyone outside of the project from connecting individual subjects with their responses. Providing anonymity of information collected from research participants means that either the project does not collect identifying information of individual persons (e.g., name, address, email address, etc.), or the project cannot link individual responses with participants’ identities. A study should not collect identifying information of research participants unless it is essential to the study protocol. Anonymity cannot be guaranteed if any personally identifiable (PII) information is collected. How do we distinguish between confidentiality and anonymity? a. Data collection can be described as anonymous if you do not know who has taken part in your study b. Confidentiality can be promised in circumstances when you know who has taken part in your study, but you do not divulge the information to other people c. None of the above d. All of the above 2. The types of qualitative research are as follows: case study, ethnography, phenomenology, content and discourse analysis, historical and grounded theory. Studying involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization or situation. Ethnography is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle. phenomenology refers to the study of how people find their experiences about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of people, etc. Content and discourse analysis requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication used by a person, group, organization, or any institution in communicating. Historical analysis is central to this qualitative research method, is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection between past events to the present time. Grounded theory It takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis seeks to find answers to why such things occur to the subject. The researcher includes the following questions in his/her study, “What does the experience mean to you? How will you describe your experiences? What is the impact of this to you?” What do you think is the research design used by the researcher? a. Case Study b. Content Analysis c. Grounded Theory d. Phenomenological Study 3. Slovin’s formula used to determine the sample size. n = N/ (1+ Ne2) N = population size and e = error balance. Bernadyn and Erika want to conduct a survey to science high school students on testing the functionality, reliability, and usability of their research entitled DATA: Digital Access to Abstracts in 2018 Scientific Research. How many samples will they need if the population of the school is 1000 using a margin of error of 5%? a. 248 b. 275 c. 300 d. 286 4. “This study shall be conducted at Pateros Catholic School, Pateros Metro Manila during the summer of the school year 2025-2026 and whatever changes in the mathematics skills after this date shall not be included in the framework of the research. The performance of the students shall be measured using the teacher- made pre-test and post-test. Observation shall also be used to determine the extent of improvement of the respondents with and without music therapy. Other pupils who shall enroll from the other grade levels as well the other subjects taken by the pupils shall not be included in the study due to time constraints.” This is an example of Scope and limitation, which of the following statement gives a FALSE statement below: a. It is the general statement of the problem b. The study focused only on the unlimited number of respondents c. It describes and explains the nature, coverage and time frame of the research study d. It is presented in two ways: from the highest to the lowest beneficiaries or from the lowest to the highest beneficiaries. 5. “This study shall be conducted at Pateros Catholic School, Pateros Metro Manila during the summer of the school year 2025-2026 and whatever changes in the mathematics skills after this date shall not be included in the framework of the research. The performance of the students shall be measured using the teacher- made pre-test and post-test. Observation shall also be used to determine the extent of improvement of the respondents with and without music therapy. Other pupils who shall enroll from the other grade levels as well the other subjects taken by the pupils shall not be included in the study due to time constraints.” From the example above, what is the general purpose or aim of the research? a. To determine the effectiveness of music as the bridge program for pupils who failed in math subject. b. To do an experimental study at Pateros Catholic School during summer school year 2025-2026. c. To identify the pupils who failed in mathematics subjects using a population of 50 students d. To know how to utilize music in Mathematics Bridge Program. 6. Rea is a medical researcher and is conducting a study on the health habits of adults in her city. She defines her population as all adults aged 18-65 living in the urban area, as they are most likely to be affected by the lifestyle factors, she is researching. By focusing on this specific population, she aims to gather data that accurately reflects the health behaviors and challenges faced by adults in the city. To ensure her findings are representative and have equal chance to be part of sampling, what sampling should Rea use to select a diverse group of participants from this population? a. Quota Sampling b. Stratified Sampling c. Random Sampling d. Purposive Sampling 7. Research is a systematic process of inquiry involving the collection of data, documentation of key information, and the analysis and interpretation of that data or information, using methodologies appropriate to specific professional fields and academic disciplines. All of the sources below are considered a secondary source, except one: a. A history book describing Philippine Island. b. A website describing what World War II was. c. A TV show explaining what happened in Japan. d. Abraham Lincoln's diary describing what he thought about the civil war. 8. In research, citation refers to the practice of informing readers that specific information originates from a particular source, acknowledging that it has been borrowed to enhance the explanation of a specific situation or data in the study. Which of the following is not included in Referencing list? a. Author’s name b. Date of the publication of the source c. Volume and Edition of the literature or book d. The actual statement that the researcher wrote about the article 9. Sarah, a Grade 12 research student t, is nearing the end of her semester and struggling with a tight deadline for her final research paper. While searching online for sources, she comes across a well-written article that aligns perfectly with her topic. Feeling the pressure of time, she decides to copy and paste large sections of the article directly into her paper without paraphrasing or properly citing the source. She convinces herself, "No one will notice," and continues with her work, unaware of the serious consequences her actions could lead to. What type of Plagiarism did Sarah commit? a. Self-Plagiarism b. Mosaic Plagiarism c. Misattribution Plagiarism d. Copy and Paste Plagiarism 10. Rea is a medical researcher and is conducting a study on the health habits of adults in her city. She defines her population as all adults aged 18-65 living in the urban area, as they are most likely to be affected by the lifestyle factors, she is researching. By focusing on this specific population, she aims to gather data that accurately reflects the health behaviors and challenges faced by adults in the city. If she wanted to divide the participants based on each city that they are living in and Rea will create a small subgroups , what is the best sampling method will she use? a. Quota Sampling b. Stratified Sampling c. Random Sampling d. Purposive Sampling 11. Mrs. Ramos was a Grade 8 teacher at San Mateo National Highschool. She wanted to examine the relationship between students' study habits and their academic performance. She collects data from 200 high school students, asking them about their study routines, such as the number of hours spent studying each week, and their grades over the past semester. After analyzing the data, she found out that students who study more consistently tend to have higher grades. What type of research did Mrs. Ramos used? a. Survey Research b. Correlational Research c. Experimental Research d. Causal- comparative Research 12. Quantitative research is an objective and systematic study of observable phenomena, using computational methods to analyze data. Which of the following research studies is most likely to be an experiment? a. A study of the leadership characteristics of successful high school principals b. A study that compares the cholesterol levels of vegetarians and meat eaters c. A study to determine if parents give more sociable teachers higher ratings d. A study to find out if using concept maps can increase achievement. 13. Qualitative research is a systematic and subjective approach that explores life experiences and seeks to understand their meaning. Which of the following research studies is most likely to be a case study? a. “Personal Journeys of Overcoming Addiction: Experiences of Recovery" b. “Cultural Beliefs and Practices of the Tausug People: A Study of Tradition and Identity” c. "Innovative Teaching Methods in a High School Classroom: An In-Depth Examination" d. "Exploring the Lived Experiences of Nurses Working in High-Stress Environments During the COVID- 19 Pandemic" 14. Qualitative research is conditioned by society and people’s intentions are involved in explaining cause-effect relationships. Things are studied in their natural setting, enough for the researcher to conclude that qualitative research is an act of inquiry or investigation of real-life events. Maria, a teacher with 10 years of experience who teaches English at a large sized public high school noticed that lately, a few incidents in the school district have involved students possessing weapons. How can she employ qualitative research in response to these incidents? a. Because their school is large sized, she needs to conduct a quantitative study to ensure that its findings can be applied to all students b. Since Maria is and English teacher, she can’t conduct a research study about school violence because it is beyond her training and expertise. She shall recommend the conduct of the study to other teachers who already have experience regarding the said situation. c. Maria recognizes the need to closely examine an important issue—school violence and weapons at school. Because of this, she asked the assistance of police to monitor the safety in their school. d. Maria recognizes the need to closely examine an important issue—school violence and weapons at school. Because of this, she asked the assistance of police to monitor the safety in their school. 15. Inquiry is a question which the researcher asks to get some information. It is the process of asking about or investigating something to find out more about it. Which of the following are the most distinguishing characteristics of inquiry-based learning? a. It is teacher centered. b. It is student-centered. c. It begins with a question. d. Students use hand-on instruction. 16. Research is an investigation or experiment aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. It is also a practice of collecting information about a particular subject. What best describes the main difference of quantitative to qualitative research? a. Quantitative research has high validity while qualitative research has high replicability output. b. Quantitative research always starts with a theory while qualitative research starts by generating hypothesis. c. Quantitative research method includes survey, experiments and secondary analysis while qualitative research method includes field research, case study and secondary analysis d. Quantitative research Aims to characterize trends and patterns while qualitative research Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and the how’s) and produce in-depth holistic data. 17. Brainstorming has two phases namely the cause and effect. Which of the following topics best shows these two phases? a. The heavy rain caused flooding in the streets which led to road closures. b. The heavy rain caused street flooding and road closures, suggesting a need for better drainage systems. c. The city's traffic congestion is a growing issue, and implementing a public transportation system could help reduce it. d. The city's heavy traffic has led to the idea of a public transportation system, which could be evaluated for cost, practicality, and impact on congestion. 18. Research design is the plan and scheme for conducting the study. The types of research design are historical, descriptive, and experimental. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behavior. The main purpose of the study was: a. Exploration b. Description c. Prediction d. Explanation 19. Brainstorming is a way of inquiring ideas that will help you to develop concepts and focus techniques by asking questions and knowing the interests of the people involved in the said issues. Which among them does not belong to ruining a brainstorm? a. Early criticism of ideas. b. Settling for too few ideas. c. There is a need for evaluation. d. Having no clear focus or objective. 20. Group 7 was assigned to discuss among their classmates the qualities of a good research instrument. What do you think would the members be considering in order to make a good research instrument? A. A research instrument must be short but complete. B. The questions must be properly arranged. C. A research instrument must pass the validity and reliability test. D. The questions must be long and tedious to answer in order to gather the attention of the reader a. A, B and C b. A, B and D c. C and D d. D only 21. A group of Grade 12 HUMMS students are currently in the process of writing their research methodology. Which among the parts of the research methodology describes the overall strategy of the research? a. Research Design b. Research Instrument c. Research Intervention d. Research Population and Sample 22. Synthesis is the process of combining information and insights from multiple relevant sources. In synthesis, the researcher extract key details, identify similarities and differences between sources, and highlight the significance of this information within his /her research. “Gender equality might examine the varying perspectives on the issue. While some argue that gender equality has largely been achieved, citing advancements in education and workplace participation, others point out the persistent wage gap and underrepresentation in leadership roles. By synthesizing both viewpoints, it becomes clear that although progress has been made, gender equality is still far from fully realized. The synthesis underscores the importance of continuing efforts in policy reform, education, and cultural change to address ongoing disparities.” What type of synthesis is being used in the statement above? a. Explanatory b. Argumentative c. Both A and B d. None of the above 23. Rene is a student researcher and was assigned by his teacher to create the part of the research study that is intended to assist in understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences. Which part of the research was it? a. Background of the Study b. Significance of the Study c. Glossary of Research Terms d. Conceptual and Operational Definition 24. Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry or investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings etc. Regarding the object of the study while quantitative research involves measurement of data. Based on the application of research method, which of the following types of research is best suited if the researcher’s intention is to apply and find ways to make positive changes in society? a. Pure b. Applied c. Qualitative Research d. Quantitative Research 25. Denmark needs to construct his synthesis for his revie of related literature. He needs to find the similarities and differences from one source to the other must instill the importance of this information in your research study. According to Prieto et al.(2017) , Denmark should follow the steps in creating a synthesis, except one: A. Must consider the purpose of writing B. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose C. Decide how will you use your source materials and take down notes D. Write the first draft of your synthesis, even without an organizational plan a. A and B b. A and C c. C and D d. D only 26. Below is a sample of a Statement of the Problem from a research study: This study aims to describe how the Grade 10 students of the Sisters of Mary School-Girls town acquire English as their second language and to recommend other strategies that may help to develop their socialization skills and on their career planning. To complete this study, the researchers need the following guide questions. 1. What is the perception of the Grade 10 students on the usefulness of English in developing career planning and socialization skills? 2. How does the acquisition of English, as a second language affect the development of the Grade 10 student’s career planning and socialization skills? 3. What methods were undertaken by the Sisters of Mary School to enhance the English-speaking skills of the students? 4. How do these methods were contributed to the development of the career planning and socialization skills of the Grade 10 students? 5. What are the possible plans or actions to be taken to improve the English-speaking skills of the Grade 10 students? Which of the following research title best fits the given statement of the problem? a. Negative Reinforcement as a Motivation towards Acquiring English as a Second Language of a Grade 10 Student in the Sisters of Mary School Girls town, Inc. (S.Y. 2016-2017) b. Motivational Factors in Acquiring English as a Second Language of a Grade 10 Student in the Sisters of Mary School Girls Town-Inc. S.Y.2016-201. c. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation of Grade 10 Students in Learning English as a Second Language in the Sisters of Mary School Girls Town-Inc. S.Y.2016-201. d. A Grade 9 Student’s Career Motivation in the Acquisition of English as a Second Language in the Sisters of Mary School-Girls Town, Inc. in S.Y.2016-2017 27. Researchers create and generate theoretical and conceptual frameworks that comprise a philosophical and methodological model to help and aid to design their work. Which statements below best describes the theoretical and conceptual framework? a. It is like a blueprint of recipe. b. It should be strong conceptual frameworks show real ideas clearly and make them easy to understand and use. c. It may or may not give a clear explanation of the study's relevance or how the researcher plans to address the gap in the literature. d. A well-constructed framework provides evidence of academic standards and procedures to confirm the study's authenticity. 28. Research involves investigating or experimenting to discover and understand facts, update existing theories, or apply new findings. It is also a way of gathering information about a specific topic. It helps solve problems, expands knowledge, and provides answers to questions in the research problem, making it a tool for learning and building understanding. Which part of it states what the researcher expects to find- it is the tentative answer to the research question that guides the entire study? a. Research Problem b. Research Objectives c. Research Hypothesis d. Research Operation Definition 29. A Review of Related Literature (RRL) provides context by linking the study to existing knowledge and identifying gaps that need further exploration. It helps avoid duplication and strengthens the study’s foundation with relevant theories and prior research. Additionally, it enhances the credibility of the research by demonstrating the researcher’s understanding of the field. Which of the following incorrectly describes the structure of a review of related literature? a. When writing the RRL, always use the correct in-text citation. b. The introduction of the RRL is commonly composed of a single paragraph, which is composed of the general topic of the research. c. The last section is the conclusion, which provides the summary of the overall knowledge about the research topic. This can also show the significance of the study and the research gap. d. The second section of the RRL is called the boy, which focuses in presenting the relevant information gathered. It can be presented in any manner as long as it is congruent to the objectives 30. Research also introduces new ideas, helps the researchers identify problems and appropriate solutions in new ways and provides new framework to guide thinking and action. Which among the statements below do not comply to criteria in choosing a research topic? a. It can either be a general or specific topic. b. The interest of the researcher can either be considered or not. c. It should be something new or different to what has already been published. d. Time, money and availability of materials are some of the factors that can be considered. 31. Research design is the overall plan and scheme for conducting the study. The types of research design are historical, descriptive, and experimental. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking behavior. The main purpose of the study was: a. Exploration b. Description c. Prediction d. Explanation 32. The presentation of the statement of the problem: the specific problems jibe with the contents of the research instrument and the problem statements are clear, concise and reflective of the study. The need to have a safer, comfortable, and healthful walk of transfer of students from place to place in the UST campus. Research Topic: The Construction of a Covered Pathway in the UST Campus. General Question: What kind of covered path should UST construct in its campus? The following are the possible specific questions EXCEPT. a. Is there any relationship between the construction of covered pathways on the academic performance of students? b. What materials are needed for the construction of the covered pathway in the UST campus? c. In what way can the covered pathway link all buildings in the campus? d. What roofing material is appropriate for the covered path? 33. The conduct of review of related literature helps researchers to identify possible topics for study based on the recommendation of previous studies; the methodologies and research instrument utilized; findings of previous studies. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to: a. Guide the development of research questions b. Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies c. Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure d. All of the above 34. Basically, an overview of the research study and explain why you, as researchers, are doing the study. It provides information that is important or essential to understand the main body of the research investigation, which could be an offshoot of any one of the following: Historical developments, Cultural developments, Academic developments, Scientific findings, Debates or arguments. Mariel wants to read the part of the research paper that includes information which focuses on the importance and validity of the problem. What part of the research should she read? a. Statement of the Problem b. Significance of the Study c. Background of the Study d. Scope and Delimitation of the Study 35. According to Prieto et al (2017), review of related literature is one of the major components of a research paper for it gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic. Therefore, selecting correct sources literature is very important. Which of the following is not considered a primary source? a. The first source you find b. Created by a teacher/ advisor c. A first-hand account of an event d. Written by someone who heard of the event 36. Research is a systematic process of inquiry involving the collection of data, documentation of key information, and the analysis and interpretation of that data or information, using methodologies appropriate to specific professional fields and academic disciplines. All of the sources below are considered a secondary source, except one: a. A history book describing Philippine Island. b. A website describing what World War II was. c. A TV show explaining what happened in Japan. d. Abraham Lincoln's diary describing what he thought about the civil war. 37. Ethical standards are crucial in research, helping maintain integrity. They guide researchers in making the right decisions regarding study conduct. However, some researchers may unknowingly or intentionally violate these standards, leading to complications. Which of the following principles is describes as the researcher should properly citing all of the borrowed statements and giving due credit to the owner? a. Integrity b. Honesty c. Trustworthiness d. Respect to intellectual property 38. Techniques in narrowing down a topic into a research question and vice versa. Talk over ideas with others. Examine the literature. Apply to a specific context. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study. Converting a question into a researchable problem is called __________. a. Solution c. Problem Solving b. Examination d. Problem Formulation 39. How to write a synthesis: Consider your purpose in writing. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose. Formulate a thesis. These are the main ideas that you want to present in your synthesis. Decide how you will use your source material and take notes. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan. Revise your synthesis. Tips for effective synthesis include all but which of the following? 1. Strong, clear, precise thesis statement 2. Not understanding the author’s intent before using a source 3. Discuss sources in relation to your thesis 4. When using more than one quote / source, make sure you relate both sources to your main idea and to each other 5. Use more than one source for each main point a. 2 b. 1 c. 5 d. 3 & 4 40. Primary sources are letters, correspondence, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, official or research topics, patents and designs and empirical research articles. Secondary sources are academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books, documentaries. Why is primary literature source more valuable to a researcher than a secondary literature source? a. It gives the information that the researcher needed. b. It gives general information about a particular topic. c. It synthesizes the results from several related studies. d. It provides detailed information about all aspects of the study. 41. The background of your study provides context for the research process and the information discussed. It may include key studies that are important and relevant to your topic. Additionally, the background explains the problem statement, rationale, and research questions. It connects the introduction to your study and ensures a smooth flow of ideas, helping readers understand your reasons for conducting the research.Which of the following statements correctly defines the three elements of the background of the study? a. It is composed of the problem and also the method of solving the problem. b. It includes the research problem that the researcher wants to give an answer. c. It has the problem should be clearly stated with enough context to explain why it is important. d. It includes a clearly stated problem, the approach to addressing the problem, and the significance of the research. 42. Juan was a student researcher and needs to create a conceptual framework for his research, he learned that a conceptual framework is an analytical tool that can be adapted to various contexts and fields, providing an overall structure to help achieve a specific goal. Which of the following steps is NOT included in constructing one? a. Before creating a conceptual framework, the researcher may or may not review existing studies on the topic to refine the central argument or hypothesis. A literature review allows the researcher to organize their work within the broader field of study. b. Conceptual frameworks can be presented as a narrative that explains the variables, their impact on the hypothesis, the methodology, and any accompanying diagrams, using bolded headers to organize the information clearly. c. Construct a conceptual framework that are visually appealing, using tools like flowcharts, mind maps, or diagrams to illustrate the research process and highlight the variables influencing each component. d. Constructing a conceptual framework can be done by just focusing on the research problem itself, highlighting the methodologies the researcher will be conducting, and making a narrative out of it. 43. A group of Grade 12 STEM student researchers are going to conduct research about the efficacy of the leaves of Mayana variety A and leaves of Mayana variety B in healing wounds and its other health benefits. What data collection instrument will they use? a. Survey b. Observation c. Experimentation d. Face to face interview with Mayana experts 44. Emma was a Grade 12 student researcher at Pateros National High School. She was finishing her research paper on climate change and found a compelling statistic in an online article. Without thinking, she included it in her paper without citing the source. When reviewing her draft, her research teacher noticed the statistic and asked her where it came from. Emma realized she hadn’t credited the original author. Therefore, which of the following statement below best describes citing a source? a. Another copy of your notes. b. Listing the resources you used c. Checking the English mechanics d. Only necessary for professional writers 45. Ethical standards are crucial in research, helping maintain integrity. They guide researchers in making the right decisions regarding study conduct. However, some researchers may unknowingly or intentionally violate these standards, leading to complications. Which of the following principles is describes as the researcher should properly citing all of the borrowed statements and giving due credit to the owner? a. Integrity b. Honesty c. Trustworthiness d. Respect to intellectual property 46. In a research study on the effectiveness of a new drug, Dr. Dela Cruz faces disappointing results. Pressured to publish positive findings, he decides exclude unfavorable results and presenting only the data that supports the drug's success. When the study is published, it initially gains praise, but later, experts notice inconsistencies and raise concerns. The manipulation of data ultimately damages Dr. Dela Cruz’ reputation and leads to retraction of the paper, highlighting the severe consequences of falsifying research. Which of the following scientific misconduct did Dr. Dela Cruz demonstrate in the scenario? a. Plagiarism b. Non-publication of data c. Faulty data gathering procedures d. Fabrication and falsification of data 47. A referencing list, also known as a bibliography or references, summarizes all the sources used in your research paper. It provides detailed information about each source to give proper credit and allows readers to locate them. Which of the following statements falsely describe the reminders of using APA citation in a reference list? a. The first word should be capitalized. b. All references are listed alphabetically according to their surnames. c. Hanging indention must be observed. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.9 from the left. d. When writing the author’s name, the last name must come first before the given name. The author’s given name should be written in full. 48. Dr. Castro, an environmental scientist, researches the increasing frequency of wildfires in forests. She discovers that rising temperatures and prolonged droughts, driven by climate change, are causing more frequent and intense fires. Additionally, human activities, such as illegal campfires, worsen the situation. The effect is devastating: ecosystems are damaged, and communities are at greater risk. Dr. Castro’s findings highlight the urgent need for stronger fire prevention policies and better land management to mitigate future wildfires. What type of quantitative research did she use? a. Survey Research b. Correlational Research c. Experimental Research d. Causal- comparative Research 49. Sheila, an aspiring anthropologist, decided to study about the Tausug culture in the Sulu Archipelago. She spends several months living within the community, observing daily life, rituals, and social structures. Through participant observation, Sheila learns about the Tausug's traditional practices, such as their intricate boat-building skills and the importance of oral storytelling in preserving history. By engaging with locals and recording their stories, she gains deep insights into the cultural values of family, respect, and resilience. What type of qualitative research did she use? a. Narrative b. Case Study c. Ethnography d. Phenomenological 50. Mrs. Fruelda is conducting a study on the impact of online learning on high school students’ academic performance. She wanted to focus on students who have experienced both in-person and online learning during the pandemic. She identifies a group of students who fit these criteria, ensuring a sample that directly addresses her research question. By specifically targeting students with relevant experiences, she gathers valuable insights into the challenges and benefits of online education, leading to a more focused and meaningful analysis. What type of sampling method best fit her research study? a. Quota Sampling b. Stratified Sampling c. Random Sampling d. Purposive Sampling