Research Methodologies and Evidence Review

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Questions and Answers

What type of publications is primarily discussed in the report for evidence-based recommendations?

Peer-reviewed publications (correct)

Blog posts

Personal opinion articles

Unpublished dissertation research

How are therapeutic regimens listed when multiple options have similar efficacy and toxicity rates?

Randomly ordered

Alphabetically (correct)

By clinical importance

Chronologically

What system is used to evaluate the quality of evidence in the discussions?

WHO Evidence Criteria

USPSTF Modified Rating System (correct)

AAP Guidelines

NCI Rating System

What is the status of alternative regimens compared to recommended regimens?

They are considered inferior. Signup and view all the answers

What additional resource is planned for publication after the treatment guidelines?

An annotated discussion supplement Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of study design is evaluated by participants in the discussions?

Strengths and weaknesses Signup and view all the answers

In what context were the subject matter experts' assessments presented?

At an in-person meeting Signup and view all the answers

Which organizations were reviewed by CDC staff for their publications?

American Cancer Society Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of asking about partners in sexual health history?

To assess the risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Signup and view all the answers

Which question best assesses a person's past history with sexually transmitted infections?

Have you ever been diagnosed with an STI in the past? Signup and view all the answers

In the context of practices, which of the following options is least relevant?

Do you discuss contraception with your partner? Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of assessing protection from STIs?

Knowing whether partners discuss getting tested for STIs Signup and view all the answers

What question relates directly to assessing pregnancy intention?

Do you think you would like to have (more) children in the future? Signup and view all the answers

Which question best evaluates potential risk factors for HIV?

Have you or any of your partner(s) ever injected drugs? Signup and view all the answers

What type of sexual contact is primarily being assessed with the question, 'Do you have oral sex, meaning ‘mouth on penis/vagina’?'

Oral sex Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is not directly covered by the Five P's framework?

Frequency of sexual activities Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of using condoms consistently?

They reduce the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which types of lubrication are recommended for use with condoms?

Water-based or silicone-based lubricants Signup and view all the answers

To effectively reduce the risk of STIs, when should a condom be put on?

After the penis is erect and before contact Signup and view all the answers

How does consistent and correct condom use affect the risk of HPV infection?

It reduces the risk of HPV infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential instruction regarding the handling of condoms?

Avoid damaging them with fingernails or sharp objects. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with a condom after each sexual act?

It should be discarded and replaced with a new one. Signup and view all the answers

What is one misconception about condom use?

All condom types provide the same level of protection. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to provide instructions on the correct use of condoms?

Incorrect use can reduce their effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

Which sexually transmitted infections can be prevented by pre-exposure vaccination?

HPV, HAV, and HBV Signup and view all the answers

At what age is HPV vaccination recommended to begin?

Age 9 Signup and view all the answers

For which age group is HPV vaccination recommended through age 26?

For both males and females Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of motivational interviewing in sexual health care settings?

To assist clients in setting achievable risk-reduction goals Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention messages have been evaluated in STD clinic settings for effectiveness?

Brief prevention messages from providers Signup and view all the answers

Which approach does the CDC recommend for certain adults aged 27–45 years regarding HPV vaccination?

Clinical decision-making discussions for those not adequately vaccinated Signup and view all the answers

What kind of training is suggested for clinicians and staff in relation to client-centered counseling?

Training in client-centered approaches and motivational interviewing Signup and view all the answers

What does a review of studies evaluating brief prevention messages suggest about their impact in STD clinic settings?

They are feasible and decrease subsequent STIs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended follow-up interval for retesting a person who has tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea?

3 months after treatment Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of pregnancy is retesting for HIV recommended for high-risk women?

Before 36 weeks’ gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason to offer HIV testing to partners of pregnant patients?

They are less than 18 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason health care providers should address when a woman declines HIV testing?

Discomfort about discussing sexual history Signup and view all the answers

Which group of women is considered at high risk for acquiring HIV during pregnancy?

Women who inject drugs Signup and view all the answers

After receiving a diagnosis of syphilis, what is the follow-up recommendation regarding HIV testing?

Follow-up testing for HIV is recommended Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a sign of acute HIV infection that should prompt further testing?

Skin rash Signup and view all the answers

Which health care setting is mentioned as a criterion for rescreening for STIs, including HIV?

Facilities with HIV incidence ≥1 per 1,000 women per year Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Evidence and Recommendations

Comprehensive evidence from peer-reviewed publications provides the foundation for treatment guidelines.
Different study designs such as randomized controlled trials and publication series are considered.
A supplemental journal issue will discuss annotated evidence after the main guidelines are published.
Subject matter experts reviewed literature during a June 2019 meeting with government and non-government participants.
Key questions were addressed based on the quality of the evidence and modified USPSTF rating system.

Treatment Recommendations

Recommended regimens are prioritized when there is a difference in efficacy and toxicity rates; otherwise, they are listed alphabetically.
Alternative regimens are considered inferior but may be used for notable drug allergies or contraindications.

Clinical Prevention Guidance

The Five P’s approach for gathering sexual histories includes:
- Partners: Current sexual activity and partner gender(s).
- Practices: Types of sexual contact and specific practices.
- Protection: Discussion of prevention methods and testing.
- Past history: Previous STI tests and diagnoses.
- Pregnancy intention: Future childbearing plans and contraception use.

Primary Prevention Methods

Pre-exposure vaccination effectively prevents HPV, HAV, and HBV, which can be sexually transmitted.
HPV vaccination is recommended for 11-12 year olds but can start at age 9.
HPV vaccination is recommended up to age 26 and shared decision-making is suggested for adults aged 27-45.

Behavioral Interventions

Consistent use of condoms can reduce the risk of STIs, including chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Instructions on correct condom use are vital for effectiveness.
Client-centered counseling and motivational interviewing are encouraged for risk reduction.

HIV Testing and Prevention

Routine opt-out HIV testing should be part of prenatal care.
Partners of pregnant women should be offered HIV testing if their status is unknown.
High-risk women should undergo retesting in the third trimester and three months post-treatment for STIs.

Retesting for Repeat Infections

Retesting is recommended three months after a chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomonas diagnosis to identify possible reinfections.
Anyone with a positive STI test should have appropriate follow-up measures, including possible re-screening and syphilis testing.

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Description

Explore various research methodologies and evidence from peer-reviewed publications in this quiz. It covers different types of studies, treatments, outcome measures, and reported findings, providing a comprehensive understanding of evidence-based practice. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of research methods and health sciences.