Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which design type compares different groups of subjects across levels of an independent variable?
Which design type compares different groups of subjects across levels of an independent variable?
- Between-subjects design (correct)
- Cross-sectional design
- Within-subjects design
- Matched random assignment
Which factor is NOT a threat to internal validity in studies with pretests and posttests?
Which factor is NOT a threat to internal validity in studies with pretests and posttests?
- Maturation
- History
- Regression to the mean
- Measurement validity (correct)
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
What is the purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
- To address the equivalent groups problem (correct)
- To ensure participants are aware of their group
- To eliminate participant bias
- To establish a control group
Which issue is primarily addressed by counterbalancing in within-subjects designs?
Which issue is primarily addressed by counterbalancing in within-subjects designs?
What is a significant reason for using a control group in an experiment?
What is a significant reason for using a control group in an experiment?
Which aspect of ethical subject pools is emphasized by the APA guidelines?
Which aspect of ethical subject pools is emphasized by the APA guidelines?
In within-subjects designs, carry-over effects are typically more problematic than which other type of effect?
In within-subjects designs, carry-over effects are typically more problematic than which other type of effect?
Why is it necessary to control for confounding variables in a study?
Why is it necessary to control for confounding variables in a study?
What is a characteristic of matched random assignment?
What is a characteristic of matched random assignment?
In the context of internal validity, what does attrition refer to?
In the context of internal validity, what does attrition refer to?
What is an example of a manipulated independent variable?
What is an example of a manipulated independent variable?
Which statement correctly distinguishes between experimental and control groups?
Which statement correctly distinguishes between experimental and control groups?
What problem arises from the presence of confounding variables in an experiment?
What problem arises from the presence of confounding variables in an experiment?
Which of the following best describes internal validity?
Which of the following best describes internal validity?
According to Mill's Method of Agreement, which scenario illustrates this method?
According to Mill's Method of Agreement, which scenario illustrates this method?
What characterizes a subject variable in an experiment?
What characterizes a subject variable in an experiment?
Which of the following factors can threaten an experiment's external validity?
Which of the following factors can threaten an experiment's external validity?
Under what circumstances might external validity be deemed unimportant in research?
Under what circumstances might external validity be deemed unimportant in research?
What is the primary design type used in a longitudinal study?
What is the primary design type used in a longitudinal study?
Which design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
Which design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
What can be a consequence of the Hawthorne effect during a study?
What can be a consequence of the Hawthorne effect during a study?
Which bias refers to the influence of experimenter's expectations on participant behavior?
Which bias refers to the influence of experimenter's expectations on participant behavior?
What is one method to control for experimenter bias in research?
What is one method to control for experimenter bias in research?
What is an important responsibility of participants in a research study?
What is an important responsibility of participants in a research study?
What implication does a large age difference in a cross-sectional study have?
What implication does a large age difference in a cross-sectional study have?
Which technique is used to minimize demand characteristics in research?
Which technique is used to minimize demand characteristics in research?
What is the primary method used to equalize potential confounds across groups in an experiment?
What is the primary method used to equalize potential confounds across groups in an experiment?
Which design allows for comparisons within the same group of subjects?
Which design allows for comparisons within the same group of subjects?
What is a key characteristic of dependent variables (DVs) in an experiment?
What is a key characteristic of dependent variables (DVs) in an experiment?
Which scenario best exemplifies a ceiling effect in an experiment?
Which scenario best exemplifies a ceiling effect in an experiment?
What type of order effect is specifically difficult to control and may influence results in a sequence of tasks?
What type of order effect is specifically difficult to control and may influence results in a sequence of tasks?
When using subject variables, what is a vital consideration for researchers?
When using subject variables, what is a vital consideration for researchers?
What method involves random sampling of all possible combinations of experimental conditions?
What method involves random sampling of all possible combinations of experimental conditions?
Which of the following is NOT a situation where matching might be preferred over random assignment?
Which of the following is NOT a situation where matching might be preferred over random assignment?
What is an essential aspect of statistical conclusion validity?
What is an essential aspect of statistical conclusion validity?
What type of counterbalancing tests participants in every possible order at least once?
What type of counterbalancing tests participants in every possible order at least once?
Which statement best describes external validity?
Which statement best describes external validity?
Which of the following pairs represents manipulated and subject variables in Bandura's Bobo study?
Which of the following pairs represents manipulated and subject variables in Bandura's Bobo study?
Which type of counterbalancing ensures that every condition occurs equally often in varying positions?
Which type of counterbalancing ensures that every condition occurs equally often in varying positions?
In within-subjects designs, what is the major concern that researchers must address to ensure validity?
In within-subjects designs, what is the major concern that researchers must address to ensure validity?
What are floor effects in experimental research?
What are floor effects in experimental research?
What can be inferred when using both manipulated and subject IVs in a study?
What can be inferred when using both manipulated and subject IVs in a study?
Flashcards
Internal Validity
Internal Validity
Does the study correctly answer the research question?
Threats to Internal Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
Factors that might cause incorrect results relating to the research question.
Confounding Variable
Confounding Variable
An outside influence that affects the results, not the intended independent variable.
Subject Selection
Subject Selection
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Ethical Subject Pools
Ethical Subject Pools
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Between-Subjects Design
Between-Subjects Design
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Random Assignment
Random Assignment
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Matched Random Assignment
Matched Random Assignment
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Within-Subjects Design
Within-Subjects Design
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Counterbalancing
Counterbalancing
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Manipulated IV
Manipulated IV
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Experimental Group
Experimental Group
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Control Group
Control Group
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Independent Variable (IV)
Independent Variable (IV)
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Method of Agreement
Method of Agreement
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Method of Difference
Method of Difference
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Subject Variable
Subject Variable
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Statistical Conclusion Validity
Statistical Conclusion Validity
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Construct Validity
Construct Validity
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Ceiling Effect
Ceiling Effect
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Matching
Matching
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Order Effects
Order Effects
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Complete Counterbalancing
Complete Counterbalancing
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Partial Counterbalancing
Partial Counterbalancing
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Latin Square
Latin Square
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Cohort Effect
Cohort Effect
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Attrition
Attrition
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Experimenter Bias
Experimenter Bias
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Hawthorne Effect
Hawthorne Effect
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Demand Characteristics
Demand Characteristics
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Manipulation Check
Manipulation Check
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Field Research
Field Research
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Debriefing
Debriefing
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Study Notes
Research in Psychology: Methods & Design
- This is an eighth edition textbook for research in psychology
- Introduces experimental research methods and design
Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
- Chapter Objectives:
- Describe the impact of Woodworth's 1938 Experimental Psychology on how psychologists define experiments
- Define a manipulated independent variable and identify examples (situational, task, instructional)
- Distinguish between experimental and control groups
- Describe John Stuart Mill's rules of inductive logic and apply them to experimental and control groups
- Recognize confounding variables in experiments and understand why they hinder interpretation
- Identify independent and dependent variables in experiments
- Differentiate between manipulated and subject variables
- Understand interpretation issues when using subject variables
- Recognize factors reducing statistical conclusion validity
- Detail how construct validity applies to experimental design
- Distinguish between internal and external validity
- Describe factors influencing experimental external validity
- Recognize and describe threats to internal validity
- Understand the ethical guidelines for using subject pools
Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
- Chapter Objectives:
- Distinguish between between-subjects and within-subjects designs
- Explain how random assignment resolves equivalent groups problems in between-subjects designs
- Explain when matched random assignment should be used to create equivalent groups
- Understand when counterbalancing is needed to control for order effects in within-subjects designs
- Differentiate between progressive and carry-over effects in within-subjects designs
- Detail various forms of counterbalancing for situations with one or many repeated testing per condition
- Describe specific types of between- and within-subject designs in developmental psychology and their problems
- Explain how experimenter and participant biases arise and how to control them
Essential Features of Experimental Research
- Establishing Independent Variables (IVs):
- Manipulated IVs (e.g., situational, task, instructional)
- Experimental groups (receive treatment)
- Control groups (treatment withheld)
- Controlling Extraneous Variables (Confounds):
- Any uncontrolled variable that might influence results
- Table 5.1 (confounding example) displays how confounding variables can influence results
- Measuring Dependent Variables (DVs):
- Dependent variables are behaviors measured
- Review measurement scales
- Recognize and control for ceiling and floor effects.
- Subject Variables:
- Existing attributes of subjects (e.g., gender, age, personality)
- Example: Anxiety
- Manipulated variable: inducing varying degrees of anxiety
- Subject variable: selecting subjects with different degrees of anxiety
- Research example 7: cultural differences (European Americans vs. East Asians), gender differences.
- Figure 5.1 displays field dependance.
- Drawing Conclusions with Subject Variables:
- With manipulated IVs, assume no confounds, IV causes DV.
- With subject variables, groups may differ in many ways, thus IV does not necessarily cause DV. Conclude only that groups differ from one another.
- Using Both Manipulated and Subject IVs:
- Example: Bandura's Bobo doll study (Box 5.2): manipulated exposure to violence, subject was gender
The Validity of Experimental Research
- Statistical Conclusion Validity:
- Proper statistical analyses & conclusions
- Construct Validity:
- Well-defined independent and dependent variables
- External Validity:
- Extent findings can generalize to other populations, environments, and time periods
- Internal Validity:
- Extent study answers its research question; valid operational definitions, valid measurements, no confounds
- Threats to Internal Validity:
- History, maturation, regression to the mean, testing, instrumentation
- Importance of using a control group
- Subject selection (Brady study, ulcers in executive monkeys), attrition
Creating Ethical Subject Pools
- Part of the educational process
- Must follow APA guidelines and be thoroughly described
- IRB approval needed for projects
- Treat students fairly, resolve complaints, no penalty for no-show.
- Follow all aspects of APA ethics
- Assess subject pool for appropriate participation.
Summary
- Between- and within-subjects designs are used in experimental psychology
- Control through random assignment, matching, counterbalancing (complete or partial) for order effects in within-subjects designs
- Developmental designs have unique control issues
- Researcher and participant bias need careful consideration.
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Description
Explore Chapter 5 of the eighth edition textbook on research methods in psychology. This chapter focuses on the principles of experimental research, including the definition of independent variables, the role of experimental and control groups, and the impact of confounding variables. Gain insights into how to apply John Stuart Mill's rules of inductive logic to experimental design.
