Research Designs in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What type of research design is used when the same participants complete cognitive tests after different sleep conditions?

  • Between-subjects design
  • Cross-sectional design
  • Within-subjects design (correct)
  • Longitudinal design

In a within-subjects design, how many conditions does each participant experience?

  • Only one condition
  • Two or more conditions (correct)
  • Only the control condition
  • None of the above

What is a major disadvantage of between-subjects designs?

  • It eliminates the need for a control group
  • It often requires a longer testing time
  • It typically requires fewer participants
  • It can introduce more individual differences as confounding variables (correct)

Which design is more likely to detect a treatment effect if it exists?

<p>Within-subjects design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the dependent variable in a study?

<p>To observe and measure behavior or response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it preferable to use a between-subjects design?

<p>When there are expected large individual differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes an experimental condition?

<p>It is the group that receives the experimental treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using a within-subjects design?

<p>It typically requires fewer participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example regarding room temperature and students' performance, what designation is given to the room temperature?

<p>Independent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment comparing two exercise programs, what type of design is being used if different groups follow each program?

<p>Between-subjects design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are extraneous variables?

<p>Any variables not controlled that could affect the dependent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can time-related factors have in a within-subjects design?

<p>They can distort the results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a control condition in an experiment?

<p>It is where the treatment is not administered. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes confounding variables in an experiment?

<p>Variables that can systematically change alongside the independent and dependent variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the independent variable in the study by Ford and Torok (2008)?

<p>Effectiveness of motivational signs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was concluded about participants who shouted swear words in the study conducted by Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009)?

<p>They endured less pain than those who shouted neutral words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a nonexperimental design compared to experimental designs?

<p>It makes no attempt to minimize threats to validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies a nonexperimental study?

<p>Measuring the impact of school policy on student performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a nonequivalent group design, how are the groups formed?

<p>Under circumstances that do not allow for random assignment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises from individual differences in nonequivalent group designs?

<p>They can introduce a confound in the findings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a between-subjects design?

<p>Different groups of participants are compared under equivalent circumstances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a characteristic of within-subjects designs?

<p>Participants have their scores compared against their own previous scores. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary goal when conducting a nonequivalent group design study?

<p>To demonstrate that a differentiating factor causes differences in outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these designs implies some level of variable manipulation?

<p>Pre–post design. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the static group comparison design?

<p>To show that a treatment has an effect by comparing with a treated group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design, what do both groups have in common during the study?

<p>They are measured over the same time period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key characteristic of a quasi-experimental design?

<p>It compares groups that are not equivalent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can a researcher draw if both groups in a pretest–posttest study show similar changes?

<p>Time-related factors are likely responsible for the change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main limitations the pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design tries to address?

<p>Differences between treatment and control groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the control group in a quasi-experimental design?

<p>It provides a benchmark against which to compare the treated group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does the pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design minimize?

<p>The impact of time-related variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment in a static group comparison study?

<p>By comparing posttest scores between treated and control groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a pre–post design?

<p>To evaluate the influence of an intervening treatment over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design lacks a control group?

<p>Pre–post design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what research design is a series of observations made before and after a treatment or event for each participant?

<p>Time-series design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is observing the same group of participants before and after an intervention. What type of research design is being used?

<p>Within-subjects experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design from a pre–post design?

<p>It has a control group for comparison. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes a between-subjects experimental design?

<p>Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of a between-subjects design?

<p>Individual differences between participants can affect results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the scores in a between-subjects experiment?

<p>Only one score is obtained for each participant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a within-subjects experimental design, what is being compared?

<p>The same group of participants across multiple conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a within-subjects design satisfy to qualify as an experiment?

<p>There must be manipulation of an independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement defines a key characteristic of a within-subjects design?

<p>The same individuals are engaged in all treatment conditions being compared. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of using a between-subjects design?

<p>It complicates the analysis due to unique participant scores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a within-subjects design seek to find differences in treatment conditions?

<p>By observing changes in the same set of individuals across conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment. It is the presumed cause of any observed changes in the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment. It is the presumed effect of the independent variable.

Extraneous Variable

Any variable other than the independent and dependent variables that could potentially influence the outcome of an experiment. These variables can be a source of error and need to be controlled or accounted for.

Experimental Condition

The condition in an experiment where participants receive the treatment or manipulation being tested.

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Control Condition

The condition in an experiment where participants do not receive the treatment or manipulation being tested. It is used as a baseline for comparison.

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Confounding Variable

A variable that changes systematically along with the independent variable, making it difficult to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

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Random Assignment

A procedure used in an experiment to ensure that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any condition. This helps to reduce bias and increase the reliability of the results.

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Blind Procedure

A procedure used in an experiment where participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control condition. This helps to reduce bias from participant expectations.

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Nonequivalent group design

A research design that compares two or more groups of participants who were not randomly assigned to the groups.

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Pre–post design

A research design that measures a variable before and after a treatment or event, but does not include a control group.

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Time-series design

A research design that involves repeated measurements of a variable over time, with a treatment or event occurring at some point in the time series.

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Within-subjects design

A research design where the same group of participants is exposed to all levels of the independent variable.

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Between-subjects design

A research design where the group of participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable.

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Individual Differences

The possibility that individual differences between participants can influence the results of a study.

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Time-Related Factors

The potential for time-related factors to influence the results of a within-subjects design.

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Order Effects

The possibility that a participant's performance in a later condition is affected by their experience in an earlier condition.

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Longitudinal Design

A research design that uses a single group of participants tested at multiple points in time.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A research design that uses different groups of participants to represent different points in time.

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Recruiting Issues

Difficulties might arise when trying to recruit a large number of participants for a between-subjects design.

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Repeated-Measures Design

A within-subjects design is also known as a repeated-measures design.

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Within-subjects: Key Feature

The defining characteristic of this design is using a single group of participants and testing them in all the different treatment conditions.

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Within-subjects: Experimental Requirements

A within-subjects design must still follow basic experimental guidelines, like manipulating independent variables and controlling extraneous variables.

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Within-subjects: One Person, All Conditions

The same person tests all the conditions in a within-subjects design, such as different user interfaces.

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Nonequivalent Control Group Design

A research design comparing a treated group to a control group, where assignment to groups is not random.

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Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design

A research design where two groups are observed before and after a treatment is given to one group.

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Quasi-experimental Design

A research design where participants are not randomly assigned to groups, but the groups are as similar as possible, especially before the treatment is applied.

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Nonequivalent Control Group Design

A type of quasi-experimental design where the researcher aims to minimize threats to the validity of the study.

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Threats to Internal Validity

Factors that could influence the results of a study besides the treatment, like time, maturity or individual differences.

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Posttest

A comparison of the scores from the treated group and the control group after the treatment is administered.

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Comparison of Scores

The scores from the treated group are compared to those of the control group.

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Control Group

A group in a research study that does not receive the treatment, used as a baseline to see if the treatment has an effect.

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Nonequivalent Group Design Example

A study that compares two groups that were not formed through random assignment. The researcher cannot control who is in each group.

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Nonexperimental Research

A study that examines the differences between groups that were not randomly assigned to each group.

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Experimental Research

A study that changes a variable and measures the effects. It aims to establish causal relationships. They have tightly controlled conditions.

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Study Notes

Research Process: Selecting a Research Strategy and Experimental Research Design

  • Research process steps include:
    • Research idea
    • Convert research idea into research hypothesis
    • Constructs and operational definitions
    • Identifying participants (sampling)
    • Selecting a research strategy
    • Selecting a research design
    • Conduct the study
    • Evaluate the data
    • Report the results
    • Refine research idea

Research Strategy

  • Definition: A broad approach to research, determined by the question the study aims to answer.
  • Types of research strategies:
    • Experimental research strategy
    • Quasi-experimental research strategy
    • Non-experimental research strategy
    • Correlational research strategy
    • Descriptive research strategy

Experimental Research Strategy

  • Definition: Establishes cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
  • Key elements of an experiment:
    • Manipulation: Changing the value of one variable (independent) to create treatment conditions.
    • Measurement: Measuring a second variable (dependent) within each treatment condition.
    • Comparison: Comparing scores in different treatment conditions to determine impact of manipulation.
    • Control: Controlling all other variables to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Four Basic Elements of Experiment

  • Manipulation: One variable is changed to form treatment conditions. This enables researchers to understand relationship direction (Ice cream sales rise and fall with temperature.).
  • Measurement: A second variable is measured to obtain scores for each treatment condition.
  • Comparison: Scores are from one treatment condition compared to the other. Consistent variance signals manipulation causes change.
  • Control: Controlling other variables to ascertain that they don't affect the key variables studied. This ensures that change is genuinely related to manipulation, not other factors.

Types of Variables

  • Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher (e.g., room temperature).
  • Dependent variable: The variable measured for changes. (e.g., student performance).
  • Extraneous/confounding variable (e.g., noise level, room illumination, humidity.) : Variables that can influence the dependent variable but are not of primary interest.

Experimental Conditions

  • Experimental condition: The group receiving the treatment.
  • Control condition: The group not receiving the treatment.

Research Design

  • Definition: A general plan for implementing a research strategy.
  • It covers:
    • Whether the study involves groups or individual participants.
    • How comparisons are made (within a group or between groups).
    • Number of variables included.

Experimental Research Designs

  • Two main designs:
    • Between-subjects design
    • Within-subjects design

Between-Subjects Design

  • Definition: Different people test each condition to limit the exposure each person has to a single treatment.
  • Independent group of individuals for each treatment condition.
  • Results contain only one score per participant.
  • Emphasizes controlling external factors that could affect results.

Within-Subjects Design

  • Definition: Same group of people experience all conditions.
  • Participants serve as their own control
  • Eliminates variance due to participant differences.

Assumptions for Within-Subjects Design

  • Normality: Scores of dependent variable are normally distributed in each condition.
  • Sphericity: Variances of differences among conditions are equal.
  • Independence of Observations

Assumptions for Between-Subjects Design

  • Random Assignment: Participants randomly allocated to different groups.
  • Independence: Observations from one group are not influenced by another group.
  • Homogeneity of Variance: Variances in each group should be equal.
  • Normality: Distribution of the dependent variable should be approximately normal within each group.
  • Control of Extraneous Variables: Control extraneous variables to avoid impacting the result.

Nonexperimental and Quasi-experimental Research Strategies

  • Non-experimental strategies: comparing scores from different groups/ conditions using non-manipulated variables.
  • Quasi-experimental strategies: Attempt to control threats to internal validity.

Nonequivalent Groups Design

  • Used when random assignment is not possible
  • Compares preexisting groups
  • Includes differential research, posttest-only control, and pretest-posttest nonequivalent group designs.

Pre-Post Design

  • Observation made before and after treatment for one group.
  • Evaluates treatment/event impact by comparing pre- and post-observations.

Time-Series Design

  • A series of observations before and after treatment/event
  • Useful for evaluating the impact of interventions.

One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

  • One group measured before and after treatment.
  • No comparison group, so cause-and-effect are less clear.

Equivalent Time-Samples Design

  • Measures treatment's effect by alternately administering and withdrawing the treatment.
  • Useful when treatment's impact is temporary.

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Description

This quiz explores various research designs used in psychology, focusing on within-subjects and between-subjects designs. Test your knowledge on dependent variables, control conditions, and the effects of sleep on cognitive tests. Perfect for psychology students looking to enhance their understanding of experimental methods.

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