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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of using a confounding variable in research?
What is the primary purpose of using a confounding variable in research?
Which type of data represents categories with a meaningful order but unequal intervals?
Which type of data represents categories with a meaningful order but unequal intervals?
What does it mean when a study shows a correlation between two variables?
What does it mean when a study shows a correlation between two variables?
What is the significance of a correlation coefficient in research?
What is the significance of a correlation coefficient in research?
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What is the primary difference between between-subjects design and within-subjects design?
What is the primary difference between between-subjects design and within-subjects design?
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What does statistical significance indicate in research findings?
What does statistical significance indicate in research findings?
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What is a major characteristic of a longitudinal study?
What is a major characteristic of a longitudinal study?
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What concept highlights that correlation does not imply causation?
What concept highlights that correlation does not imply causation?
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What was the main purpose of the experiment investigating social pressure?
What was the main purpose of the experiment investigating social pressure?
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What percentage of participants conformed to the incorrect answers at least once during the experiment?
What percentage of participants conformed to the incorrect answers at least once during the experiment?
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals over long distances?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals over long distances?
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Which type of glial cell is primarily involved in the formation of myelin in the central nervous system?
Which type of glial cell is primarily involved in the formation of myelin in the central nervous system?
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What role do neurotransmitters play in the synaptic gap?
What role do neurotransmitters play in the synaptic gap?
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What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which brain imaging technique is used to measure electrical activity in neurons?
Which brain imaging technique is used to measure electrical activity in neurons?
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How does the presence of a dissenter affect conformity rates in social pressure experiments?
How does the presence of a dissenter affect conformity rates in social pressure experiments?
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What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) primarily measure?
What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) primarily measure?
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Which brain region is primarily associated with explicit memory?
Which brain region is primarily associated with explicit memory?
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Viewing trauma-related material activates which brain centers more than unrelated footage?
Viewing trauma-related material activates which brain centers more than unrelated footage?
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What phenomenon relates to the perception of owning a rubber hand?
What phenomenon relates to the perception of owning a rubber hand?
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Which process describes the brain's ability to adapt and recover from injury?
Which process describes the brain's ability to adapt and recover from injury?
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In the context of pharmacology, which term refers to a substance that blocks a neurotransmitter's action?
In the context of pharmacology, which term refers to a substance that blocks a neurotransmitter's action?
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Which psychological phenomenon suggests that self-control is a finite resource?
Which psychological phenomenon suggests that self-control is a finite resource?
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What therapeutic approach utilizes visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain?
What therapeutic approach utilizes visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain?
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What is the primary purpose of a placebo-controlled study?
What is the primary purpose of a placebo-controlled study?
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Which statement best describes the nocebo effect?
Which statement best describes the nocebo effect?
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What is the purpose of the null hypothesis (H0)?
What is the purpose of the null hypothesis (H0)?
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In what circumstance would a single blind procedure be used?
In what circumstance would a single blind procedure be used?
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What is pivotal about representative samples in research?
What is pivotal about representative samples in research?
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Which research method involves manipulating one or more variables to identify cause and effect?
Which research method involves manipulating one or more variables to identify cause and effect?
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Which of the following best defines central tendency in descriptive statistics?
Which of the following best defines central tendency in descriptive statistics?
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What does the Barnum Effect illustrate in psychology?
What does the Barnum Effect illustrate in psychology?
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What is a primary weakness of descriptive research methods?
What is a primary weakness of descriptive research methods?
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What does a normal curve indicate in data representation?
What does a normal curve indicate in data representation?
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How does a moderating variable affect the relationship between two variables?
How does a moderating variable affect the relationship between two variables?
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How does counterbalancing improve research validity?
How does counterbalancing improve research validity?
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What characterizes a falsifiable hypothesis?
What characterizes a falsifiable hypothesis?
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What is the intended impact of the Hawthorne effect in research?
What is the intended impact of the Hawthorne effect in research?
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What distinguishes operational definitions in psychological research?
What distinguishes operational definitions in psychological research?
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What is a significant drawback of correlational research?
What is a significant drawback of correlational research?
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What brain area is commonly associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotions?
What brain area is commonly associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotions?
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What imaging method tracks magnetic fields from the brain's electrical currents?
What imaging method tracks magnetic fields from the brain's electrical currents?
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What does a Computed Tomography (CT) scan primarily provide?
What does a Computed Tomography (CT) scan primarily provide?
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Which imaging technique tracks the flow of a radioactive form of glucose in the brain?
Which imaging technique tracks the flow of a radioactive form of glucose in the brain?
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In children with brain injuries, what does the location of damage in CT scans predict?
In children with brain injuries, what does the location of damage in CT scans predict?
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What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) use to create a map of brain structure?
What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) use to create a map of brain structure?
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Monkeys with an anxious temperament show heightened glucose use in which type of brain regions?
Monkeys with an anxious temperament show heightened glucose use in which type of brain regions?
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Which of the following characteristics is often found in individuals with a history of violence?
Which of the following characteristics is often found in individuals with a history of violence?
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Study Notes
Research Fundamentals
- Barnum Effect: People believe vague, general statements about personality/behavior are accurate for them, even though they apply to many. Skepticism is important.
- Operational Definition: Explains a concept so it's observable and measurable.
- Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting the relationship between 2 or more variables. It's based on prior knowledge and must be falsifiable (able to be proven false).
- Falsifiability: Every hypothesis must be capable of being proven false. Evidence cannot definitively prove a hypothesis true, but it can prove it wrong.
- Null Hypothesis (H₀): A statement that there is no effect or difference between variables. It's considered true until proven false.
- Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): A statement proposing an effect or difference between variables.
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Research Methods:
- Experimental: Manipulating variables to identify cause and effect, using random assignment. Weakness: might not be feasible in all situations, and results might not generalize to other contexts, and ethical concerns may arise.
- Descriptive: Observing behavior in natural settings, surveys, case studies, and labs to describe characteristics of groups. Weakness: lack of control over variables, misleading descriptions for single cases.
- Correlation: Analyzes relationships between variables, only showing associations, not necessarily causation. Weakness: cannot determine cause-and-effect.
Additional Research Concepts
- Moderating Variables: Factors that change the strength or direction of a relationship between two other variables.
- Casual Event: An event that causes another event.
- Replication: Repeating a study to confirm results.
- Independent Variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable: The outcome measured to see the impact of the independent variable.
- Confounding Variable: A factor that influences an observation, potentially causing a correlation to appear between other variables.
- Correlation Coefficient: A number that reflects the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
- Regression Toward the Mean: Extreme scores tend to move closer to the average on subsequent measures. This doesn't imply causation.
- Causation: A definite link where one variable directly affects another. Correlation does not equal causation.
- Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes data using measures like mean, median, and mode.
- Effect Size: Measures the strength of the relationship between variables.
- Statistical Significance: Indicates how likely a result occurred by chance.
Research Procedures
- Single-blind Procedure: Participants unaware of whether they are in the treatment or control group.
- Double-blind Procedure: Neither participants nor researchers know which group is receiving treatment.
- Placebo Effect: Positive changes due to belief in treatment, regardless of its actual effect.
- Nocebo Effect: Negative changes due to negative expectations of a treatment.
- Hawthorne Effect: Participants' behavior changes due to being observed.
- Central Tendency: A measure that represents a whole set of scores
- Skewed Distribution: Scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
- Standard Deviation: A measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
- Normal Curve: A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, used to represent data distribution.
- Inferential Statistics: Determining probabilities of claims about a population based on samples.
- Representative Samples: Samples that accurately reflect characteristics of a larger population.
Brain Imaging Techniques
- EEG: Measures brain electrical activity.
- MEG: Measures brain magnetic fields.
- PET: Tracks glucose activity in the brain.
- MRI: Creates detailed images of brain structure.
- fMRI: Measures blood flow to active brain regions.
- DTI: Measures water diffusion in the brain to infer connections between brain regions.
- NIRS: Measures blood oxygenation levels in the brain.
Neuroscience Concepts (from page 5 and 6)
- Neuron: The basic unit of the nervous system.
- Action Potential: Neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
- Synapse: The junction between neurons.
- Glial Cells: Support cells for neurons.
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.
- Agonists and Antagonists: Substances that either increase or decrease the effect of neurotransmitters, respectively.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary body functions.
- Para- and sympathetic nervous systems: Different parts of the Autonomic Nervous System, each affecting different bodily functions.
Conformity and the Asch Study
- Conformity: Adjusting one's behavior to match a group's norms.
- Asch Conformity Study: An experiment demonstrating the powerful effect of social pressure on group conformity.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in research fundamentals, including the Barnum Effect, operational definitions, and hypotheses. This quiz will challenge your knowledge about the critical aspects of research methods and their applications. Be prepared to explore the differences between null and alternative hypotheses.
