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Questions and Answers
What is a fundamental principle of research ethics that involves treating people fairly?
In what situation is the use of deception considered acceptable in research?
What must research involving human participants undergo to ensure ethical standards are met?
What does the term 'minimal risk research' refer to?
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What ethical issue is highlighted by the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
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What is a key requirement for research that involves potential deception?
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Which statement best describes the ethical principle of justice in research?
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When conducting minimal risk research, what is expected regarding the potential harm to participants?
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What is an inappropriate practice concerning scholarly integrity in research?
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What essential action must be taken during the debriefing of participants after a study involving deception?
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What is a potential consequence of using compensation in research?
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What is the primary purpose of debriefing participants after a study?
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In research ethics, the concept of justice primarily emphasizes what?
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Which statement best reflects the ethical obligations of researchers regarding the treatment of participants?
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What major ethical violation is exemplified by the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
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Study Notes
Core Principles of Research Ethics
- Justice: Treat all participants fairly and equally, ensuring equitable access to research opportunities.
- Integrity: Researchers must act responsibly and with integrity in both conducting and reporting their studies.
- Deception: Using false or incomplete information to mislead participants can sometimes be necessary, but only with informed consent and a commitment to restore participants to their baseline state after the study.
- Fairness: Compensation, when provided, should be modest and not create a power imbalance. The benefits and risks of research should be distributed equally across all participants.
Research Ethics Review
- Research Ethics Board (REB): All research involving humans requires a full REB review.
- Minimal Risk Research: Research with a probability and magnitude of harm no greater than that experienced in everyday life (e.g., short questionnaires).
Debriefing
- Informing Participants: After a study, participants should be informed of the research's purpose, any deception used, and any misconceptions should be corrected.
Scholarly Integrity
- Data Integrity: Researchers must not fabricate data, plagiarize, or exclude data that might contradict their findings.
Risk vs. Benefit
- Weighing Risks and Benefits: Consider the potential benefits to participants, science, and society.
- More Than Minimal Risk: Research with more than minimal risk should demonstrate significant potential benefits to justify the potential harm.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
- Unethical Research: The experiment involved deliberately withholding treatment for syphilis from 400 Black men, despite a cure being available.
- Harmful Consequences: The study caused significant harm to the participants and their families, highlighting the importance of ethical research practices.
Core Principles of Research Ethics
- Justice: Treat all participants fairly.
- Ensure ethnocultural minorities are not unfairly excluded.
- Act responsibly and with integrity in all research stages.
- Promote Trust: Be transparent in research methods and findings.
- Minimize deception and always restore participants to their baseline state.
- Fairness: Provide fair compensation to participants, ensuring it is modest and not coercive.
- Ensure benefits and risks are distributed equally across all participants.
Research Ethics Approval
- Research involving humans requires a full review by a Research Ethics Board (REB).
- Minimal risk research (e.g., short questionnaires) may have a streamlined review process.
Debriefing
- Participants must be informed about the purpose of the study and any deception used.
- Correct any misconceptions participants may have developed.
Scholarly Integrity
- Researchers must avoid fabricating data, plagiarism, and selective data reporting.
Weighing Risks and Benefits
- Consider the benefits to participants, science, and society.
- Research with more than minimal risk should have substantial potential benefits.
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (Example)
- Conducted at Tuskegee University, Alabama, on a population of African American men.
- 400 men were infected with syphilis and deliberately left untreated to study the disease's progression, despite the availability of a cure.
- This experiment highlights the importance of ethical research practices and the need to prioritize participant well-being.
Research Ethics Core Principles
- Justice: Treat all participants fairly and equitably.
- Beneficence: Maximize benefits and minimize risks for all participants.
- Integrity: Conduct research responsibly and honestly.
- Respect for Persons: Obtain informed consent, respect autonomy, and protect privacy.
Deception in Research
- Use deception cautiously and only when necessary.
- Obtain general informed consent and debrief participants fully after the study.
Compensation and Incentives
- Provide modest compensation or incentives to participants for their time and effort.
- Avoid creating power imbalances or undue influence.
Research Ethics Board (REB) Review
- Research involving humans requires a full REB review.
- Minimal risk research may be exempt from full REB review, but still requires ethical considerations.
Debriefing Participants
- Inform participants of the study's purpose, any deception used, and correct any misconceptions.
- Ensure participants leave the study unharmed and with their baseline restored.
Scholarly Integrity
- Maintain high standards of integrity in data collection, analysis, and reporting.
- Do not fabricate data, plagiarize, or exclude data.
Balancing Risks and Benefits
- Consider benefits to participants, science, and society when weighing potential risks.
- Research with greater than minimal risk should offer significant potential benefits.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
- A historical example of unethical research practices.
- 400 Black men with syphilis were deliberately left untreated for decades, even though a cure existed.
- The study violated ethical principles of informed consent, justice, and beneficence.
- This experiment highlights the importance of rigorous ethical standards in research.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the core principles of research ethics including justice, integrity, and fairness. This quiz covers essential aspects like informed consent, the role of Research Ethics Boards, and debriefing procedures. Understand how to conduct ethical research involving human participants.
