Research Ethics and Principles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which ethical principle focuses on ensuring the fair distribution of benefits and burdens of research?

  • Non-maleficence
  • Beneficence
  • Respect for Human Dignity
  • Justice (correct)

    • What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity in research?

  • Confidentiality means the researcher knows the participant's identity, while anonymity means the researcher does not. (correct)
  • Anonymity means the researcher knows the participant's identity, while confidentiality means the researcher does not.
  • Confidentiality refers to protecting the participant's data, while anonymity refers to protecting their identity.
  • There is no difference between confidentiality and anonymity.

    • Which ethical principle is most closely related to the concept of informed consent?

  • Justice
  • Beneficence
  • Respect for Human Dignity (correct)
  • Non-maleficence

    • What is the main purpose of risk-benefit assessments in research?

    <p>To determine whether the potential benefits of a study outweigh the risks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit to participants in research?

    <p>Gaining financial compensation for their time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical principle is most directly related to the concept of minimizing harm to research participants?

    <p>Non-maleficence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of the right to self-determination in research?

    <p>The right to withdraw from the study at any time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to address confidentiality procedures in research?

    <p>To ensure participants' identities are protected from unauthorized disclosure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a vulnerable group in research?

    <p>Individuals with chronic illnesses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?

    <p>To review research proposals for ethical compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of an IRB (Institutional Review Board)?

    <p>To ensure the safety and well-being of human subjects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically assessed by an IRB when reviewing a research project?

    <p>The financial budget of the research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what ethical considerations are particularly relevant for research involving interviews?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Guidance for the Design, Ethical Review, and Conduct of Genomic Research in Qatar' document?

    <p>To provide ethical guidelines for conducting genomic research in Qatar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risks should researchers consider when conducting research involving human subjects?

    <p>Physical threats, psychological trauma, and the potential for compromising situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the principle of justice in research ethics?

    <p>Distributing research benefits and risks fairly across different groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential ethical issue associated with research involving observations?

    <p>The difficulty of obtaining informed consent from participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of ethical standards in research involving human subjects?

    <p>To protect the rights and welfare of human subjects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered vulnerable groups in research?

    <p>People with disabilities, children, and terminally ill people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of debriefing sessions after data collection in research?

    <p>To provide participants with a chance to ask questions or express any concerns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is obtaining informed consent crucial in research involving vulnerable groups?

    <p>To ensure that participants fully understand the risks and benefits of participating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for researchers to offer referrals to participants, if needed, following research participation?

    <p>To ensure participants receive appropriate support for any potential issues arising from their involvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common ethical consideration in research involving human subjects?

    <p>Profitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are external reviews increasingly common before conducting research involving human subjects?

    <p>To ensure that research projects comply with ethical guidelines and regulations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOST important reason for researchers to share study findings with participants after data analysis?

    <p>To demonstrate transparency and accountability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ethical review boards in research involving human subjects?

    <p>To protect the rights and welfare of research participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a risk-benefit assessment in research?

    <p>To determine the potential benefits and risks of the study to participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'informed consent' mean in the context of research?

    <p>Participants understand the purpose and risks of the study and are free to choose whether to participate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Declaration of Helsinki?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between anonymity and confidentiality in research?

    <p>Anonymity means that researchers cannot link participants to their data, while confidentiality means that researchers can link participants to their data but will keep it private. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality (NIH) in research?

    <p>To protect sensitive research data from unauthorized disclosure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'Treatment of vulnerable groups' refer to in research?

    <p>Ensuring that research participants are treated ethically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of external reviews in protecting participants in research?

    <p>To ensure that the study is conducted with the highest ethical standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the ethical dilemma present in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

    <p>Participants were not fully informed about the risks and benefits of participating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the relationship between 'ethics' and 'morality' as presented in the text?

    <p>Ethics are the practical application of morality in specific situations, while morality represents abstract principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential tension in conducting ethical qualitative research?

    <p>Managing risks associated with the research while respecting the voice of marginalized participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a potential tension mentioned in the text regarding ethical dilemmas in conducting research?

    <p>Ensuring scientific rigor while respecting the participants' autonomy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is an ethical dilemma specifically related to conducting qualitative research?

    <p>Balancing the need to maintain confidentiality with the need to report potentially harmful findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key ethical consideration when conducting research in less well-resourced settings?

    <p>Minimizing the potential for harm to participants due to limited resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key ethical consideration when working with vulnerable populations in qualitative research?

    <p>Ensuring that participants understand the risks and benefits of participating in the research and have the ability to give informed consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ethical principle that emphasizes respecting the different voices and perspectives of research participants?

    <p>Justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a principle on which informed consent is based?

    <p>Right to privacy (A), Freedom from harm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research

    • Qualitative research in Qatar necessitates adherence to ethical principles, particularly concerning vulnerable populations.
    • Specific policies governing ethical conduct of qualitative research in Qatar should be reviewed.
    • Ethical dilemmas and conflicts inherent in qualitative research need exploration.

    Required Reading

    • Green and Thorogood (2018) "Qualitative Methods for Health Research" (Chapter 4, pp. 83-106, 112; Chapter 1, pp. 3-28) is the required reading.

    Student Learning Outcomes

    • Understanding the principles guiding ethical conduct in qualitative research in Qatar, including considerations for vulnerable populations.
    • Familiarity with ethical policies specific to qualitative research in Qatar.
    • Exploring ethical dilemmas and conflicts pertinent to qualitative research.

    Definition of Ethics

    • Ethics is the disciplined study of morality, focusing on the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad.

    Ethical Dilemmas and Conflicts

    • Managing risks related to the research, including bias.
    • Respecting diverse participant perspectives.
    • Conducting research in resource-limited settings, accounting for potential conflicts of interest or lack of funding.
    • Ethical dilemmas arise when study participant rights conflict with study requirements. Examples include: -Testing a treatment that prolongs life for patients with terminal dementia. -Testing low carb diets for improving cancer patient responses to chemotherapy.

    Historical Background

    • Key historical events raise ethical concerns in research:
      • Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932)
      • Nazi medical experiments
      • U.S. radiation experiments
      • Experiments on children (1969) and pregnant women (1994)
    • These examples underscore the importance of ethical oversight in research.

    Codes of Ethics

    • Key codes and reports relevant to research ethics:
      • Nuremberg Code (response to Nazi atrocities)
      • Belmont Report (1979)
      • Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
      • ANA Ethical Guidelines (1995)
      • CNA Ethical Research Guidelines
    • These guidelines establish standards for ethical research practice.

    What are Ethical Guidelines?

    • Good research practice considers professional standards, legal and statutory requirements, ethical principles, and the responsibilities of researchers.
    • Research often involves tensions that aren't easily solvable by reference to codes of practice, particularly in health sciences studies where conflicting responsibilities to stakeholders exist.
    • Theoretical approaches to research may differ in their understanding of researcher responsibilities.

    Values in Research

    • Science is rooted in social values, questioning if researchers have an obligation to do good science.
    • The primary responsibility of researchers is to knowledge creation and perhaps their contribution to future generations of researchers.
    • The secondary responsibility concerns the implications of research practices in society.

    Differing Approaches to Ethical Values

    • Weaker liberal view: Ethical values are relative and dependent on researcher professionalism; ethical standards vary across cultures.
    • Liberal view: Research decisions are the researcher's autonomy based on conscience. Researchers should decide on topics, methodologies, and dissemination of findings.
    • Critical view: Research should contribute to social justice and emancipation by examining existing social hierarchies.

    Ethical Review

    • Ethical practice varies across places, times, and disciplines.
    • Question: Can criteria be developed that guarantee ethical research?

    Context Matters

    • Interpretations of ethical standards should consider legal frameworks, disciplinary codes of practice, culture, gender, ethnicity, geography, and formal ethical reviews, such as IRB or REB processes.

    Ethical Principles

    • The Belmont Report (1979) outlines principles for research:
      • Beneficence (do no harm)
      • Respect for human dignity
      • Justice

    Health Care Ethics

    • Beauchamp and Childress (2012) list four principles for healthcare ethics:
      • Autonomy
      • Beneficence
      • Nonmaleficence
      • Justice

    Beneficence

    • Benefit participants maximize benefits and minimize harm.
    • Participants should not be placed at a disadvantage.
    • Research relationships must not be exploited.

    Principle of Respect for Human Dignity

    • Right to self-determination. Participants choose whether to participate and how.
    • Right to full disclosure. Participants must know about the study's details, risks, and benefits.

    Principle of Justice

    • Right to fair treatment and equitable distribution of research benefits and burdens.
    • Right to privacy and confidentiality (anonymity). Ensuring research isn't intrusive and privacy is maintained.

    Procedures for Protecting Study Participants

    • Risk-benefit assessments
    • Informed consent procedures
    • Debriefings and referrals
    • Treatment of vulnerable groups
    • External reviews and the protection of human rights.
    • Informed consent reflects research subjects being volunteers, who are not coerced, and who have sufficient information about the research to make a decision.
    • Subjects should have adequate information about the research. Informed consent documents record agreement to participate and can be used in legal cases, for example.
    • Subjects should comprehend the information; they should have the freedom to make their informed choice and consent.
    • Informed consent documents that participants have enough information about a study
    • That they understand the information
    • That they have the power to choose to participate

    Confidentiality Procedures

    • Anonymity: Preventing any link between participants and their data.
    • Confidentiality (absence of anonymity): Taking steps in research to prevent breach of confidentiality.
    • Certificate of Confidentiality: Used to protect the confidentiality of research, such as from authorities

    Debriefings and Referrals

    • Debriefing sessions after research participation allow participants to ask questions about the study or share concerns.
    • Researchers can also share results with participants or offer referrals to appropriate services, such as health, social, or psychological services.

    Treatment of Vulnerable Groups

    • Vulnerable subjects (children, cognitively impaired individuals, pregnant women, etc) require specific protections.
    • Researchers must prioritize participant safety and well-being, especially when dealing with vulnerable groups.

    Groups Considered Vulnerable

    • Vulnerable groups include children
    • Mentally or emotionally disabled people
    • Severely ill or physically disabled people
    • Terminally ill people
    • Institutionalized people
    • Pregnant women

    External Review and Protection of Human Rights

    • Ethical aspects of any research using human subjects must be reviewed by institutional review boards (IRBs) or similar committees to comply with standards.
    • IRBs evaluate research for appropriate inclusion criteria, considerations for participant safety, risk-benefit assessments, and proper informed consent procedures to ensure protection of human rights.

    What is IRB Review Board

    • Any research involving human subjects must be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB).
    • Ensuring these procedures cover the welfare and rights of participants
    • Avoidance of unnecessary risks to research participants
    • Importance outweighing the necessity of the research

    Example Guidelines for Ethical Reviews in Qatar

    • Specific example guidelines for ethical reviews in Qatar can be used when performing a study.

    Ethics in Interviews

    • Qualitative research affecting interview participants, like ethical consideration for emotional distress or trauma due to interview questions.

    Ethics in Observation

    • Qualitative research on ethical considerations affecting how participants are recognized in observational studies when participant informed consent may present challenges.

    Responsibilities to Yourself and Co-Workers

    • Researchers should consider potential risks to themselves and their coworkers.

    Nuremberg, Helsinki, and Belmont Reports

    • Overviewing ethical principles concerning voluntary participation, informed consent, protection of vulnerable persons, and minimizing risks to participants.

    Case Study Examples:

    • Case study 1, 2, and 3 demonstrate practical application of ethical considerations in research.
    • Case studies present specific details, and prompt discussions on ethical procedures applied to recruitment and other issues in research studies.

    Group Activity: Guidelines for Critiquing the Ethical Aspects of a Study

    • Instructions for reviewing and critiquing ethical aspects in research that considers guidelines and rubrics
    • Guidelines should be used in considering ethical elements in research for any study, and participants' perspectives need attention

    Questions

    • Question 1 & 2: True or false statements about Nuremberg Code and principle of justice.
    • Question 3: Children require special protection in research?
    • Question 4: Freedom from harm, privacy and informed consent?

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    Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the ethical principles governing research. This quiz covers key concepts such as informed consent, confidentiality, and the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in protecting research participants. Demonstrate your understanding of these crucial ethical standards.

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