Research Ethics and Integrity

Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving ______, including scientific research.

The key agreement in research ethics is the 1964 Declaration of ______.

The academic research enterprise is built on a foundation of ______.

Researchers trust that the results reported by others are ______.

Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists and other researchers to describe the world accurately and without ______.

There are many ethical issues to be taken into serious consideration for ______.

Ethical dilemma arises when certain sectors, segments, social classes and seasons are preferred over others while choosing problems, or locating them, solving them or diffusing the solutions obtained. Inter species and inter sectorial concerns also influence the sustainability of the outcomes. Not all local practices need to be ______.

Sustainability is as much about continuity as about ______ (that is innovations or fundamental change in values).

Eco system health: When scientists know about the concomitants of the eco system health and yet develop technologies which impair the health, they are not only making a tradeoff but also passing a value ______.

Transferring costs of near term tradeoffs over the longer term stakeholders may neither be ethical nor economically very ______.

Eco system health is also affected when long term consequences of certain chemical inputs are known or anticipatable, and yet these are continued to be ______.

Judgments are involved when chemicals banned in western countries are allowed to be used in developing countries, when the precautionary principle is applied or not applied, and while technologies are transferred to countries which may or may not have capacity to assess the ______.

When the education system does or does not include content or pedagogical means which make a potential leader aware of the challenges, an __________ judgment has been made.

When certain crops and/or other agricultural products are deliberately portrayed as inferior in the educational curriculum, on cultural grounds rather on nutritional or other scientific grounds, values have already been __________.

Lack of periodic review of the skills that are being developed to address such concerns about externality, diversity, inter sectorial linkages, etc., invariably involve making tradeoffs about what should be told and what should young people learn on their own. Location __________: It is well known that agro ecological environment in rainfed regions is much more heterogeneous.

Developing technologies which would diffuse only in a small region poses an institutional challenge apart from technological challenge. Organization incentives are often provided, commensurate with the diffusion or potential reach of a solution. If a technology is addressing problems of small community, it may not invoke a significant encouragement or __________.

Consequently, either such problems don't get addressed or the people who address such problems become __________. In either case ethical judgments have to be made by the decision makers.

A good example is the cooking stove used by millions of women or carrying water pots on the head for long distance, transporting grass or twigs on head on the hill slopes by women or transplanting paddy by keeping feet under water and thus getting ______ infections, etc.

Researchers seldom share their findings with the people from whom they collect the data. Not only that. They often do not even calibrate their criteria of relevant or not so relevant research by involving the users of research in ______.

Ethical dilemma also arise when a large multinational corporations inform the consumers of its chemical inputs about a desirable resource use practice in west but which they do not share in the developing countries. The community of corporations has to evolve its own code of conduct censoring such ______.

Any society which has to grapple with risk and uncertainty inherent in agricultural resource management has to learn to create capacity not only to anticipate but also address the future problems. The education and training of young minds thus becomes a very important determinant of the capacity to face emerging challenges in ______.

When certain problems remain unsolved or unaddressed for centuries, surely it says something about the dominant ethics in the society which does not generate a dilemma or a discomfort despite sustained inertia and indifference. A good example is the cooking stove used by millions of women or carrying water pots on the head for long distance, transporting grass or twigs on head on the hill slopes by women or transplanting paddy by keeping feet under water and thus getting ______ infections, etc.

Accountability: Researchers seldom share their findings with the people from whom they collect the data. Not only that. They often do not even calibrate their criteria of relevant or not so relevant research by involving the users of research in ______.

The principle of reducing the number of animals used should not be implemented at the expense of greater suffering of individual animals. Scientific and teaching activities involving the use of animals must not be repeated unless essential for the purpose or design of the project. Teaching activities must involve no more than the minimum number of animals required to reach the educational objectives. Overproduction of animals bred for scientific purposes should be avoided so that the need to kill healthy animals is minimized. ______: Animals must be suitable for the scientific purpose taking into account their biological characteristics including behaviour, genetic attributes and nutritional, microbiological and general health status. The design and management of animal accommodation should meet with species-specific needs. Special consideration is required where this is precluded by the requirements of the project. Animals should be transported, housed, fed, watered, handled and used under conditions that meet species-specific needs Ethical issues in agricultural research Sustainability: The ethical dilemmas arise when short term problems are preferred over long term ones. Institutional capacities to address long term problems require different kinds of reinforcement than otherwise.

The principle of reducing the number of animals used should not be implemented at the expense of greater suffering of individual animals. Scientific and teaching activities involving the use of animals must not be repeated unless essential for the purpose or design of the project. Teaching activities must involve no more than the minimum number of animals required to reach the educational objectives. Overproduction of animals bred for scientific purposes should be avoided so that the need to kill healthy animals is minimized. Refinement: Animals must be suitable for the scientific purpose taking into account their biological characteristics including behaviour, genetic attributes and nutritional, microbiological and general health status. ______ The design and management of animal accommodation should meet with species-specific needs. Special consideration is required where this is precluded by the requirements of the project. Animals should be transported, housed, fed, watered, handled and used under conditions that meet species-specific needs Ethical issues in agricultural research Sustainability: The ethical dilemmas arise when short term problems are preferred over long term ones. Institutional capacities to address long term problems require different kinds of reinforcement than otherwise.

The principle of reducing the number of animals used should not be implemented at the expense of greater suffering of individual animals. Scientific and teaching activities involving the use of animals must not be repeated unless essential for the purpose or design of the project. Teaching activities must involve no more than the minimum number of animals required to reach the educational objectives. Overproduction of animals bred for scientific purposes should be avoided so that the need to kill healthy animals is minimized. Refinement: Animals must be suitable for the scientific purpose taking into account their biological characteristics including behaviour, genetic attributes and nutritional, microbiological and general health status. The design and management of animal accommodation should meet with species-specific needs. ______ consideration is required where this is precluded by the requirements of the project. Animals should be transported, housed, fed, watered, handled and used under conditions that meet species-specific needs Ethical issues in agricultural research Sustainability: The ethical dilemmas arise when short term problems are preferred over long term ones. Institutional capacities to address long term problems require different kinds of reinforcement than otherwise.

The principle of reducing the number of animals used should not be implemented at the expense of greater suffering of individual animals. Scientific and teaching activities involving the use of animals must not be repeated unless essential for the purpose or design of the project. Teaching activities must involve no more than the minimum number of animals required to reach the educational objectives. Overproduction of animals bred for scientific purposes should be avoided so that the need to kill healthy animals is minimized. Refinement: Animals must be suitable for the scientific purpose taking into account their biological characteristics including behaviour, genetic attributes and nutritional, microbiological and general health status. The design and management of animal accommodation should meet with species-specific needs. Special consideration is required where this is precluded by the requirements of the project. ______: Animals should be transported, housed, fed, watered, handled and used under conditions that meet species-specific needs Ethical issues in agricultural research Sustainability: The ethical dilemmas arise when short term problems are preferred over long term ones. Institutional capacities to address long term problems require different kinds of reinforcement than otherwise.

The principle of reducing the number of animals used should not be implemented at the expense of greater suffering of individual animals. Scientific and teaching activities involving the use of animals must not be repeated unless essential for the purpose or design of the project. Teaching activities must involve no more than the minimum number of animals required to reach the educational objectives. Overproduction of animals bred for scientific purposes should be avoided so that the need to kill healthy animals is minimized. Refinement: Animals must be suitable for the scientific purpose taking into account their biological characteristics including behaviour, genetic attributes and nutritional, microbiological and general health status. The design and management of animal accommodation should meet with species-specific needs. Special consideration is required where this is precluded by the requirements of the project. Animals should be transported, housed, fed, watered, handled and used under conditions that meet species-specific needs ______: The ethical dilemmas arise when short term problems are preferred over long term ones. Institutional capacities to address long term problems require different kinds of reinforcement than otherwise.

The principle of reducing the number of animals used should not be implemented at the expense of greater suffering of individual animals. Scientific and teaching activities involving the use of animals must not be repeated unless essential for the purpose or design of the project. Teaching activities must involve no more than the minimum number of animals required to reach the educational objectives. Overproduction of animals bred for scientific purposes should be avoided so that the need to kill healthy animals is minimized. Refinement: Animals must be suitable for the scientific purpose taking into account their biological characteristics including behaviour, genetic attributes and nutritional, microbiological and general health status. The design and management of animal accommodation should meet with species-specific needs. Special consideration is required where this is precluded by the requirements of the project. Animals should be transported, housed, fed, watered, handled and used under conditions that meet species-specific needs Ethical issues in agricultural research ______: The ethical dilemmas arise when short term problems are preferred over long term ones. Institutional capacities to address long term problems require different kinds of reinforcement than otherwise.