Research Design Types Quiz
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Research Design Types Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of design focuses on observing an individual over time to track changes without manipulation?

  • Correlational design
  • Longitudinal design (correct)
  • Experimental design
  • Single subject design

    • Which of the following describes the purpose of a correlational design?

  • To establish cause-and-effect relationships
  • To track how variables relate over time
  • To compare two independent groups
  • To find the association between two variables (correct)

    • What is a key characteristic of pre/post designs?

  • They investigate changes across multiple years
  • They analyze relationships between variable attributes
  • They compare measurements taken before and after a treatment (correct)
  • They require randomized control groups

    • What distinguishes a quasi-experimental design from a true experimental design?

    <p>Non-randomized assignment procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an interaction effect between two independent variables?

    <p>The combined outcome dependent on levels of each variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is particularly vital in the principles of fair treatment during research?

    <p>Ensuring informed consent is acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of high attrition rates in a study?

    <p>Threatened internal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In group designs, what is a challenging aspect when comparing two pre-existing groups?

    <p>Controlling for pre-existing differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes between 'between' and 'within' comparisons?

    <p>Between compares responses from different people or groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of retrospective studies?

    <p>Analyzes data that has already been collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does a longitudinal study have over a cross-sectional study?

    <p>Measures changes over time in a single group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines 'relationship' in research terms?

    <p>Describes correlation among two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of descriptive research designs?

    <p>Often lacks manipulation and control of environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pre/post designs, what variable is typically not controlled for?

    <p>Attention span of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of descriptive design focuses on changes over age without manipulating variables?

    <p>Developmental design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of descriptive research designs?

    <p>To generalize findings to the broader population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using a within-group repeated measures design over a between-group design?

    <p>It helps control for confounding variables related to individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the within-group repeated measures design considered more sensitive to detecting changes?

    <p>It enables direct comparisons within the same individuals under different treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major source of error is associated with within-group repeated measures designs?

    <p>Treatment order effects that can confound the findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are single-subject designs often referred to as small N designs?

    <p>They focus on evaluating separate individuals rather than a group average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can attrition affect the validity of a study's findings?

    <p>It may introduce bias if the characteristics of dropouts differ from those who remain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is crucial for ensuring confidentiality in research involving human subjects?

    <p>Storing sensitive data securely and ensuring that personal identifiers are not disclosed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one implication of fair treatment principles in research design?

    <p>Participants should be informed about their rights and the study's purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes group design from single-subject design?

    <p>Group design averages data from various individuals, while single-subject design focuses on individual observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Design Types

    • Longitudinal Design: A design where data is collected from the same individuals over an extended period of time
    • Experimental Design: A design that manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable
    • Single-Subject Multiple Baseline Design: A design that uses multiple baseline measures for a single subject to establish causality
    • Correlational Design: A design that examines the relationship between two or more variables
    • Interaction Effect: Occurs when the effect of one independent variable is influenced by the level of another independent variable

    Group Designs

    • Developmental: Focuses on changes in a dependent variable over time, using attribute variables which are not manipulated

    • Correlational: Examines relationships between variables through statistical analysis and visual representations

    • Pre/Post: Compares data before and after a treatment but lacks a control group, making it difficult to establish causality

    • Comparative: Compares two existing groups based on an attribute variable, but does not manipulate the attribute

    • Quasi-Experimental: Combines features of experimental and descriptive designs

      • Non-Equivalent Control Groups: Uses pre-existing or sequentially formed groups without random assignment to control for extraneous variables
      • Within-Group Repeated Measures Design: All participants experience all treatment conditions, allowing for direct comparisons within individuals

    Key Features of Within-Group Repeated Measures Design

    • Reduced Variability: Minimizes individual differences, increasing statistical power
    • Fewer Participants: Each participant contributes data for all treatment conditions, requiring fewer subjects
    • Enhanced Sensitivity: Directly measures differences in responses for the same individuals, enhancing the ability to detect treatment effects
    • Control Over Confounding Variables: Reduces the impact of individual differences, leading to clearer interpretations of treatment effects

    Potential Problems with Within-Group Designs

    • Treatment Order Effects: The order in which treatments are given can influence the outcome
    • Controlling Treatment Order Effects: Randomize the order of treatments and use a washout period between treatments to minimize carryover effects

    Single-Subject vs. Group Designs

    • Data Points and Analysis: Single-subject designs use individual data points with visual analysis, while group designs rely on averages and statistical tests
    • Data Graphs: Single-subject designs use visual graphs for data presentation, while group designs utilize statistical summaries
    • Structure of Treatment and Control: Single-subject designs often involve clear delineations of treatment and baseline phases, while group designs have structured control groups
    • Participant Assignment: Single-subject designs typically involve one participant or a small number, while group designs involve larger samples with randomization
    • Generalizability: Single-subject designs may be harder to generalize to a wider population than group designs

    Single-Subject Design Terminology

    • Small N Designs: Single-subject designs are also known as "small N" designs because they focus on the individual responses of a limited number of participants
    • Between-Group: Comparisons between different groups
    • Within-Group: Comparisons within a single group or individual
    • Retrospective: Examining past data
    • Prospective: Planning a study with experimental control
    • Longitudinal: Measuring one group repeatedly over time
    • Cross-Sectional: Measuring different groups at different time points
    • Relationships: Examining correlations or associations
    • Differences: Identifying dissimilarities

    Descriptive Research Designs

    • Purpose: To describe a sample and potentially generalize findings to a larger population
    • Characteristics: Systematic observation, limited manipulation, focus on sample size and detail
    • Labels: Descriptive, observational, non-experimental, pre-experimental
    • Types:
      • Relationship Descriptive Designs: Focus on the direction, strength, and nature of relationships between variables
      • Developmental Designs: Track changes in a dependent variable over time
      • Pre/Post Designs: Compare data before and after a treatment without a control group

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    Related Documents

    COMD 6230 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various research design types, including longitudinal, experimental, and correlational designs. Understand the key characteristics and applications of each design. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of research methodologies.

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