Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of design focuses on observing an individual over time to track changes without manipulation?
What type of design focuses on observing an individual over time to track changes without manipulation?
Which of the following describes the purpose of a correlational design?
Which of the following describes the purpose of a correlational design?
What is a key characteristic of pre/post designs?
What is a key characteristic of pre/post designs?
What distinguishes a quasi-experimental design from a true experimental design?
What distinguishes a quasi-experimental design from a true experimental design?
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What defines an interaction effect between two independent variables?
What defines an interaction effect between two independent variables?
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Which aspect is particularly vital in the principles of fair treatment during research?
Which aspect is particularly vital in the principles of fair treatment during research?
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What is a potential consequence of high attrition rates in a study?
What is a potential consequence of high attrition rates in a study?
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In group designs, what is a challenging aspect when comparing two pre-existing groups?
In group designs, what is a challenging aspect when comparing two pre-existing groups?
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What distinguishes between 'between' and 'within' comparisons?
What distinguishes between 'between' and 'within' comparisons?
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What is a key characteristic of retrospective studies?
What is a key characteristic of retrospective studies?
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What advantage does a longitudinal study have over a cross-sectional study?
What advantage does a longitudinal study have over a cross-sectional study?
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Which statement correctly defines 'relationship' in research terms?
Which statement correctly defines 'relationship' in research terms?
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What is a limitation of descriptive research designs?
What is a limitation of descriptive research designs?
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In pre/post designs, what variable is typically not controlled for?
In pre/post designs, what variable is typically not controlled for?
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Which type of descriptive design focuses on changes over age without manipulating variables?
Which type of descriptive design focuses on changes over age without manipulating variables?
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What is the main goal of descriptive research designs?
What is the main goal of descriptive research designs?
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What is a key advantage of using a within-group repeated measures design over a between-group design?
What is a key advantage of using a within-group repeated measures design over a between-group design?
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Why is the within-group repeated measures design considered more sensitive to detecting changes?
Why is the within-group repeated measures design considered more sensitive to detecting changes?
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What major source of error is associated with within-group repeated measures designs?
What major source of error is associated with within-group repeated measures designs?
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Why are single-subject designs often referred to as small N designs?
Why are single-subject designs often referred to as small N designs?
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How can attrition affect the validity of a study's findings?
How can attrition affect the validity of a study's findings?
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What aspect is crucial for ensuring confidentiality in research involving human subjects?
What aspect is crucial for ensuring confidentiality in research involving human subjects?
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What is one implication of fair treatment principles in research design?
What is one implication of fair treatment principles in research design?
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What distinguishes group design from single-subject design?
What distinguishes group design from single-subject design?
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Study Notes
Research Design Types
- Longitudinal Design: A design where data is collected from the same individuals over an extended period of time
- Experimental Design: A design that manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable
- Single-Subject Multiple Baseline Design: A design that uses multiple baseline measures for a single subject to establish causality
- Correlational Design: A design that examines the relationship between two or more variables
- Interaction Effect: Occurs when the effect of one independent variable is influenced by the level of another independent variable
Group Designs
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Developmental: Focuses on changes in a dependent variable over time, using attribute variables which are not manipulated
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Correlational: Examines relationships between variables through statistical analysis and visual representations
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Pre/Post: Compares data before and after a treatment but lacks a control group, making it difficult to establish causality
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Comparative: Compares two existing groups based on an attribute variable, but does not manipulate the attribute
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Quasi-Experimental: Combines features of experimental and descriptive designs
- Non-Equivalent Control Groups: Uses pre-existing or sequentially formed groups without random assignment to control for extraneous variables
- Within-Group Repeated Measures Design: All participants experience all treatment conditions, allowing for direct comparisons within individuals
Key Features of Within-Group Repeated Measures Design
- Reduced Variability: Minimizes individual differences, increasing statistical power
- Fewer Participants: Each participant contributes data for all treatment conditions, requiring fewer subjects
- Enhanced Sensitivity: Directly measures differences in responses for the same individuals, enhancing the ability to detect treatment effects
- Control Over Confounding Variables: Reduces the impact of individual differences, leading to clearer interpretations of treatment effects
Potential Problems with Within-Group Designs
- Treatment Order Effects: The order in which treatments are given can influence the outcome
- Controlling Treatment Order Effects: Randomize the order of treatments and use a washout period between treatments to minimize carryover effects
Single-Subject vs. Group Designs
- Data Points and Analysis: Single-subject designs use individual data points with visual analysis, while group designs rely on averages and statistical tests
- Data Graphs: Single-subject designs use visual graphs for data presentation, while group designs utilize statistical summaries
- Structure of Treatment and Control: Single-subject designs often involve clear delineations of treatment and baseline phases, while group designs have structured control groups
- Participant Assignment: Single-subject designs typically involve one participant or a small number, while group designs involve larger samples with randomization
- Generalizability: Single-subject designs may be harder to generalize to a wider population than group designs
Single-Subject Design Terminology
- Small N Designs: Single-subject designs are also known as "small N" designs because they focus on the individual responses of a limited number of participants
- Between-Group: Comparisons between different groups
- Within-Group: Comparisons within a single group or individual
- Retrospective: Examining past data
- Prospective: Planning a study with experimental control
- Longitudinal: Measuring one group repeatedly over time
- Cross-Sectional: Measuring different groups at different time points
- Relationships: Examining correlations or associations
- Differences: Identifying dissimilarities
Descriptive Research Designs
- Purpose: To describe a sample and potentially generalize findings to a larger population
- Characteristics: Systematic observation, limited manipulation, focus on sample size and detail
- Labels: Descriptive, observational, non-experimental, pre-experimental
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Types:
- Relationship Descriptive Designs: Focus on the direction, strength, and nature of relationships between variables
- Developmental Designs: Track changes in a dependent variable over time
- Pre/Post Designs: Compare data before and after a treatment without a control group
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Description
Test your knowledge on various research design types, including longitudinal, experimental, and correlational designs. Understand the key characteristics and applications of each design. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of research methodologies.
