Longitudinal Research Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is longitudinal research?

A longitudinal survey that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time.

What does cross-sectional design involve?

Data collected at a defined time.

What is neuroplasticity?

Changes in neural pathways and synapses due to behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions.

What is the constructionist approach?

<p>A theory of knowledge in sociology that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptation refer to?

<p>A change by which an organism becomes better suited to its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assimilation?

<p>The process by which a person acquires the social and psychological characteristics of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is accommodation?

<p>The process of adapting or adjusting to someone or something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is object permanence?

<p>The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is egocentrism?

<p>The inability to differentiate between self and other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conservation refer to in child development?

<p>The understanding that changing the form of a substance does not change its amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Birth to approximately age 2, where sensory experiences are coordinated with motor behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the preoperational stage?

<p>The ability to visualize objects and events mentally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concrete operational stage?

<p>A stage from about 7 to 12 years where children can think logically about concrete events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formal operational stage?

<p>A stage around age 12 where a person can think logically about abstract concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the zone of proximal development?

<p>The range of tasks that are too difficult to learn alone but can be learned with guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scaffolding in education?

<p>An instructional method where teachers demonstrate problem-solving processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment theory?

<p>The theory suggesting infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments with caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protective factors?

<p>Conditions or attributes that help individuals deal more effectively with stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gender identity?

<p>One's own perception or sense of being male or female.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does nature vs nurture refer to?

<p>The debate over whether heredity or the environment most impacts psychological development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social role theory?

<p>The theory that cultural stereotypes are the primary cause of behavioral differences between genders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does identity vs role confusion involve?

<p>Exploring who a person is as an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cohort study?

<p>A study involving people who are approximately the same age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Longitudinal Research

  • Involves repetitive observations of the same variables over extended periods, sometimes decades.
  • Classified as a correlational and observational study.

Cross-Sectional Design

  • Collects data at a specific point in time.
  • Often used to gauge the prevalence of health conditions or evaluate the effects of interventions.

Neuroplasticity

  • Encompasses synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity.
  • Refers to neural pathway and synapse changes due to behavior, environment, thoughts, emotions, and injuries.

Constructionist Approach

  • Focuses on how jointly constructed understandings develop in sociology and communication theory.

Adaptation

  • The process by which an organism or species adjusts to become better suited to its environment.

Assimilation

  • Involves acquiring the social and psychological traits of a specific group.

Accommodation

  • Refers to adjusting or adapting to new experiences or changing circumstances.

Object Permanence

  • Cognitive awareness that objects continue to exist even when not visible.

Egocentrism

  • Characterized by an inability to distinguish self from others.

Conservation

  • Understanding that changes in an object's shape or appearance do not alter its quantity.

Sensorimotor Stage

  • Occurs from birth to around age 2, involving the coordination of sensory experiences with motor actions.

Preoperational Stage

  • Involves infants aged 18 to 24 months developing mental visualization of objects and events.

Concrete Operational Stage

  • From ages 7 to 12, children develop logical thinking regarding concrete events, including mastery of operations like conservation and mathematical principles.

Formal Operational Stage

  • Begins around age 12, allowing for logical thinking about abstract concepts.

Zone of Proximal Development

  • Represents tasks that are too complex to tackle independently but can be learned with guidance from a knowledgeable individual.

Scaffolding

  • An instructional strategy where teachers guide students through problem-solving processes, gradually reducing assistance as competence grows.

Attachment Theory

  • Proposes that infants are biologically inclined to form close attachments with primary caregivers to enhance survival chances.

Resilience

  • Defined as the capability to effectively adapt to stress and overcome adversity.

Protective Factors

  • Conditions or attributes that aid individuals and communities in effectively managing stress and reducing risks.

Gender Identity

  • Refers to an individual's personal perception of being male, female, or another gender.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Discusses the relative influence of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) on psychological development.

Social Role Theory

  • Suggests that differences in behavior between genders arise primarily from cultural stereotypes about gender roles.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

  • Involves personal exploration of individuality and self-concept.

Cohort Study

  • Involves research focusing on people sharing a similar age or demographic characteristics.

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Explore the concepts of longitudinal research and cross-sectional design through these informative flashcards. Understand the differences between these two research methodologies and their applications in observational studies. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their knowledge in research methods.

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