Questions and Answers
What is longitudinal research?
A longitudinal survey that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time.
What does cross-sectional design involve?
Data collected at a defined time.
What is neuroplasticity?
Changes in neural pathways and synapses due to behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions.
What is the constructionist approach?
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What does adaptation refer to?
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What is assimilation?
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What is accommodation?
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What is object permanence?
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What is egocentrism?
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What does conservation refer to in child development?
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What characterizes the sensorimotor stage?
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What marks the preoperational stage?
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What is the concrete operational stage?
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What is the formal operational stage?
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What is the zone of proximal development?
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What is scaffolding in education?
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What is attachment theory?
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What are protective factors?
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What is gender identity?
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What does nature vs nurture refer to?
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What is social role theory?
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What does identity vs role confusion involve?
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What is a cohort study?
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Study Notes
Longitudinal Research
- Involves repetitive observations of the same variables over extended periods, sometimes decades.
- Classified as a correlational and observational study.
Cross-Sectional Design
- Collects data at a specific point in time.
- Often used to gauge the prevalence of health conditions or evaluate the effects of interventions.
Neuroplasticity
- Encompasses synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity.
- Refers to neural pathway and synapse changes due to behavior, environment, thoughts, emotions, and injuries.
Constructionist Approach
- Focuses on how jointly constructed understandings develop in sociology and communication theory.
Adaptation
- The process by which an organism or species adjusts to become better suited to its environment.
Assimilation
- Involves acquiring the social and psychological traits of a specific group.
Accommodation
- Refers to adjusting or adapting to new experiences or changing circumstances.
Object Permanence
- Cognitive awareness that objects continue to exist even when not visible.
Egocentrism
- Characterized by an inability to distinguish self from others.
Conservation
- Understanding that changes in an object's shape or appearance do not alter its quantity.
Sensorimotor Stage
- Occurs from birth to around age 2, involving the coordination of sensory experiences with motor actions.
Preoperational Stage
- Involves infants aged 18 to 24 months developing mental visualization of objects and events.
Concrete Operational Stage
- From ages 7 to 12, children develop logical thinking regarding concrete events, including mastery of operations like conservation and mathematical principles.
Formal Operational Stage
- Begins around age 12, allowing for logical thinking about abstract concepts.
Zone of Proximal Development
- Represents tasks that are too complex to tackle independently but can be learned with guidance from a knowledgeable individual.
Scaffolding
- An instructional strategy where teachers guide students through problem-solving processes, gradually reducing assistance as competence grows.
Attachment Theory
- Proposes that infants are biologically inclined to form close attachments with primary caregivers to enhance survival chances.
Resilience
- Defined as the capability to effectively adapt to stress and overcome adversity.
Protective Factors
- Conditions or attributes that aid individuals and communities in effectively managing stress and reducing risks.
Gender Identity
- Refers to an individual's personal perception of being male, female, or another gender.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Discusses the relative influence of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) on psychological development.
Social Role Theory
- Suggests that differences in behavior between genders arise primarily from cultural stereotypes about gender roles.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Involves personal exploration of individuality and self-concept.
Cohort Study
- Involves research focusing on people sharing a similar age or demographic characteristics.
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Explore the concepts of longitudinal research and cross-sectional design through these informative flashcards. Understand the differences between these two research methodologies and their applications in observational studies. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their knowledge in research methods.