Qualitative Research and Study Design
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Questions and Answers

What defines purposive sampling in research?

  • Participants are divided into groups and randomly assigned.
  • Participants are randomly selected from a population.
  • Participants are chosen based on specific characteristics. (correct)
  • Participants are selected to match the population's demographics.

    • How is quota sampling different from random sampling?

  • Quota sampling focuses only on small populations.
  • Quota sampling does not allow selection within groups to be random. (correct)
  • Quota sampling randomly selects individuals from each group.
  • Quota sampling ensures equal representation within groups.

    • What is a primary disadvantage of using qualitative research methods?

  • Uses only quantitative data.
  • Requires minimal researcher involvement.
  • Provides limited understanding of social contexts.
  • Analysis can be complex and subjective. (correct)

    • What is the purpose of control groups in experiments?

    <p>To provide a baseline for comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one pro of conducting longitudinal studies?

    <p>They can track changes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of randomization in a study?

    <p>To minimize biases by ensuring equal chances for placement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a between-subjects design, what is a key characteristic?

    <p>Different participants are assigned to each condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'blinding' in research aim to achieve?

    <p>To prevent bias by keeping participants and researchers unaware of treatment assignments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of content analysis?

    <p>The analysis can be time-consuming, especially for vast datasets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does counterbalancing play in experimental design?

    <p>It varies the order of treatments to control for order effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design features aspects of both between-subjects and within-subjects designs?

    <p>Mixed design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can threaten the validity of findings in longitudinal studies?

    <p>Attrition of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes matching in research design?

    <p>Pairing participants in experimental and control groups based on characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a within-subjects design, what is a key advantage?

    <p>Each participant serves as their own control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique focuses on selecting participants to reflect demographic characteristics of the population?

    <p>Quota Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem with qualitative research related to researcher involvement?

    <p>It may lead to an observer effect where behavior is altered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does high construct validity indicate in a survey measuring job satisfaction?

    <p>It accurately captures job satisfaction without overlap with other concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is essential for ensuring external validity?

    <p>Random selection of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does criterion validity measure?

    <p>How well a measure correlates with an established outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a test to have strong content validity, it must:

    <p>Cover a balanced range of the construct being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an intelligence test has high criterion validity, what can be inferred?

    <p>It predicts future intelligence assessments effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a situation that would indicate low external validity?

    <p>A study on effects of diet conducted only in a rural area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a survey designed to measure job satisfaction need to avoid to ensure high construct validity?

    <p>Incorporating measures of overall happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for involving experts in developing a test to establish content validity?

    <p>To ensure item relevance and comprehensiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence emphasize in psychological practice?

    <p>Promoting the welfare of clients while avoiding harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the importance of the principle of Fidelity and Responsibility?

    <p>It ensures psychologists act ethically and maintain trustworthy relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately aligns with the principle of Integrity?

    <p>Honesty is essential in all professional activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the APA Ethics Code?

    <p>To guide ethical conduct in psychological practices rather than enforce rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should psychologists approach the risks associated with their actions according to ethical guidelines?

    <p>They should take steps to minimize harm while benefiting clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of applying the principle of Fidelity and Responsibility?

    <p>Maintaining professional boundaries and following through on commitments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can deception be justified according to the principle of Integrity?

    <p>Only in specific research settings with appropriate safeguards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the principle of Justice relate to research practices?

    <p>It ensures equitable distribution of risks and rewards in research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of justice emphasize in psychological services?

    <p>Fairness and equity in access to psychological services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle calls for psychologists to avoid making false promises about treatment outcomes?

    <p>Fidelity and Responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should psychologists respect according to the principle of respect for people's rights and dignity?

    <p>Cultural differences and the autonomy of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of practicing the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence?

    <p>Striving to benefit clients while ensuring no harm is done</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle requires psychologists to be aware of their own biases?

    <p>Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a psychologist's obligation under the principle of integrity?

    <p>To maintain honesty and accuracy in all professional activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the importance of obtaining informed consent?

    <p>Respect for People's Rights and Dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should psychologists ensure equitable treatment for all clients?

    <p>By working to avoid bias in both diagnosis and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Qualitative Research

    • Provides in-depth understanding of social dynamics and cultural contexts
    • Rich qualitative data from direct experience
    • Cons: Highly time-consuming and requires significant commitment
    • Researcher presence may alter participant behavior (observer effect)
    • Data analysis can be complex and subjective

    Longitudinal Studies

    • Can track changes over time and establish sequences of events
    • Useful for studying developmental and long-term effects
    • Cons: Time-consuming and often expensive
    • Attrition can threaten the validity of findings
    • Changes in measurement tools over time can complicate data analysis

    Content Analysis

    • Allows for systematic analysis of text, images, or other media
    • Can reveal trends and shifts in public discourse
    • Cons: Interpretation can be subjective and open to bias
    • Requires clear coding schemes to ensure reliability
    • Time-consuming, especially for large datasets

    Study Design

    Between-Subjects Design

    • Different participants are assigned to each condition of the experiment.
    • Each participant experiences only one condition.
    • Example: Testing the effect of music on concentration by having one group listen to music while studying and another group study in silence.

    Within-Subjects Design

    • The same participants are exposed to all conditions of the experiment.
    • Example: Having one group study in silence and then while listening to music (or vice versa) to measure performance in both conditions.

    Mixed Design

    • Combines elements of both between-subjects and within-subjects designs.
    • Example: Surveying people at a local shopping mall.

    Sampling Techniques

    Purposive Sampling

    • Researcher selects individuals based on specific characteristics or qualities relevant to the research study.
    • Example: A study on expert musicians may select participants with professional backgrounds in music.

    Quota Sampling

    • Researchers divide the population into groups and then select participants in proportion to the population's characteristics but the selection within each group is not random.
    • Example: If 60% of the population is female, a researcher using quota sampling would ensure that 60% of the sample is female.

    Control Measures

    Counterbalancing

    • Method used to control for the effects of the order of treatments by varying the order in which conditions are presented to participants.
    • Example: In a study examining two types of therapy, one group experiences Therapy A followed by Therapy B, while another group experiences Therapy B followed by Therapy A.

    Randomization

    • Process of randomly assigning participants to different groups or conditions to minimize biases and ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group.
    • Example: In a drug trial, participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the placebo group.

    Control Groups

    • A group that does not receive the treatment or intervention being tested.
    • Example: In an experiment to test a new educational program, one group receives the program while a similar group does not.

    Blinding

    • Participants (single-blind) or both participants and researchers (double-blind) are unaware of the treatment assignments to reduce bias.
    • Example: In a clinical trial for a new medication, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the actual medication versus a placebo.

    Matching

    • Pairing participants in the experimental and control groups based on certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender).
    • Example: In a study comparing the effectiveness of two teaching methods, matching might pair students with similar academic abilities in both groups.

    Validity

    Construct Validity

    • The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
    • Example: A researcher developing a survey to measure "job satisfaction" should ensure that the questions truly capture the concept of job satisfaction.

    External Validity

    • The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, times, or contexts.
    • Example: A study conducted on college students may find that regular exercise improves concentration. For high external validity, these results should be applicable to other populations and various environments.

    Criterion Validity

    • The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome or criterion that it should theoretically be related to.
    • Example: A new intelligence test is compared to an established IQ test. If the scores on both tests are highly correlated, the new test demonstrates good criterion validity.

    Content Validity

    • The extent to which a test or measure represents all facets of a given construct.
    • Example: A new test designed to measure mathematical ability in high school students should cover various areas of mathematics, such as algebra, geometry, and statistics.

    APA Ethical Principles

    Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

    • Emphasizes promoting the welfare of clients, research participants, and the community while avoiding harm.
    • Example: A psychologist ensures that a treatment plan benefits the client without causing unnecessary distress.

    Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility

    • Highlights the importance of trustworthiness, accountability, and professional responsibility.
    • Example: A therapist maintains professional boundaries with clients and follows through on commitments.

    Principle C: Integrity

    • Stresses the importance of honesty, accuracy, and truthfulness in all professional activities.
    • Example: A psychologist accurately presents research findings and does not fabricate or manipulate data.

    Principle D: Justice

    • Calls for fairness and equity in access to psychological services, benefits, and treatments.
    • Example: A psychologist ensures that services are available to underserved populations.

    Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

    • Emphasizes the importance of respecting the dignity, autonomy, and rights of all individuals.
    • Example: A psychologist obtains informed consent before conducting therapy or research,

    Summary of APA Ethical Principles:

    • Beneficence and Nonmaleficence: Strive to benefit others and do no harm.
    • Fidelity and Responsibility: Be trustworthy, maintain professional standards, and take responsibility for your actions.
    • Integrity: Promote honesty and accuracy in all professional activities.
    • Justice: Ensure fairness and equity, and avoid biases in practice and research.
    • Respect for People's Rights and Dignity: Honor the dignity, privacy, and autonomy of individuals and groups, being mindful of diversity.

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    Research Methods Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz examines various qualitative research methods, including their advantages and disadvantages. It explores longitudinal studies, content analysis, and different study designs such as between-subjects design. Understanding these concepts is crucial for effective research in social sciences.

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