Research Design and Methods Quiz
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What is the primary role of the blocking variable in research?

  • To enhance the findings of qualitative research
  • To eliminate all forms of bias
  • To randomly assign subjects to treatment conditions
  • To control the sample size in the presence of confounding variables (correct)

    • In which scenario is a quasi-experimental design typically utilized?

  • When randomization of participants is feasible
  • When all variables can be carefully controlled
  • When a comparison group is required for analysis
  • When there are ethical concerns about manipulation (correct)

    • What distinguishes a cross-over design from other experimental designs?

  • Participants receive only one treatment
  • Different subjects are assigned to the same treatment
  • Subjects are exposed to multiple treatments in sequence (correct)
  • There is no manipulation of independent variables

    • What is a characteristic of the non-equivalent control group before-after design?

    <p>It compares a manipulated group to a non-manipulated one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of the study on heroin-addicted mothers, what type of group was omitted?

    <p>Control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers choose to manipulate only premature newborns in the study of touch and music therapy?

    <p>Different responses to therapy justify separate manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation accurately describes a quasi-experimental study?

    <p>An intervention is observed without randomization or comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of cross-over designs?

    <p>They provide high equivalence among subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines exploratory studies?

    <p>They are conducted when little is known about a phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of descriptive studies?

    <p>They describe phenomena or examine relationships between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic indicated for research design?

    <p>Use of a single data collection method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criterion for the choice of research design?

    <p>It must be logically sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study is characterized by a rigorous search for causal explanations?

    <p>Explanatory study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does instrumentation in research design primarily refer to?

    <p>The tools and instruments used for data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered in sampling design or procedure?

    <p>The choice of samples or respondents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a goal of descriptive studies?

    <p>To establish clear causal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of decision-making in nursing?

    <p>To select the most feasible course of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a case study entail in descriptive research design?

    <p>In-depth study of a single or limited interconnected cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of content analysis in research?

    <p>Synthesizing and dissecting information in documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a feasibility study primarily assess?

    <p>The viability of a business venture or infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of experimental research design?

    <p>Retrospective analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of manipulation in true experimental design?

    <p>It enables the researcher to control the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical criterion for a true experimental design?

    <p>Control over the research situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of decision-making in policy making within nursing?

    <p>It helps in choosing effective actions that enhance nursing's image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is qualitative research primarily concerned with?

    <p>Examining personal meanings of experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of qualitative research?

    <p>Data are primarily reported in words or pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interpretation is utilized in qualitative research?

    <p>Idiographic interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is qualitative research considered valuable for understanding new phenomena?

    <p>It captures in-depth insights on less known subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of qualitative research?

    <p>Reliance on numeric data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting qualitative research, what is the role of the researcher?

    <p>To be the primary instrument in data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is not a focus of qualitative research?

    <p>Quantifying data into numerical measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative research aims to understand which of the following?

    <p>The subjective meanings individuals attach to experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research emphasizes the study of individual contributions to development?

    <p>Biographical histories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of ethnographic research?

    <p>Cultural analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of document analysis primarily assesses the authenticity of a text?

    <p>External Criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of historical research, what does 'verisimilitude' refer to?

    <p>Credibility of an account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of ethnographic research?

    <p>Quantitative ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of information does contemporary ethnography focus on?

    <p>Cultural behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a topic that could be studied through ethnographic research?

    <p>Health habits of a specific cultural group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ethnography focuses on understanding the nuances of thought and language within a culture?

    <p>Cognitive ethnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the problem-solving process as outlined?

    <p>Identify the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves developing a theoretical or conceptual framework?

    <p>The Conceptual Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step is the research design selected?

    <p>Select the research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last step of the problem-solving process?

    <p>Formulate conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting a pilot study?

    <p>To finalize the research plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What step follows 'Collect the data' in the empirical phase?

    <p>Organize the data for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not part of the Design and Planning Phase?

    <p>Collecting data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase are research findings communicated?

    <p>The Dissemination Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Determining ways to achieve a solution to the problem is part of which step?

    <p>Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does judging the effectiveness of selected actions represent?

    <p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nursing Research

    • This presentation covers nursing research, specifically the research process.
    • A presenter, Elton John D. Delos Santos, is an Associate Professor at the University of Baguio School of Nursing.
    • The research process is divided into phases: conceptual, design & planning, empirical, and analytic.
    • The last phase is the dissemination phase.

    The Research Process: Conceptual Phase

    • This phase involves formulating and delimiting the problem, reviewing related literature, developing a theoretical framework, and formulating hypotheses.

    Design and Planning Phase

    • This phase includes selecting a research design, sampling, and specifying methods for data collection.

    Empirical Phase

    • This phase involves collecting the data.
    • Preparation of the data is also a part of the empirical phase.

    Analytic Phase

    • This phase contains the analysis of the data and the interpreting of the results.

    Dissemination Phase

    • Communication and utilization of the findings.

    Elements of a Project Design

    • Cooks have a reason for cooking (goal).
    • Ingredients are cooked according to recipe (objective).
    • Meal and feelings of fulfillment and well-being will result.
    • There is a goal and objective, ingredients, according to recipe.
    • The goal is to achieve a desired outcome (satisfying result), which is a fulfilling meal and well-being.
    • The objective is how to achieve this goal.

    Key Design Concepts

    • Goal: The reason for the project to create something better.
    • Objective: What you want to specifically achieve.
    • Output: The result when the project finishes.
    • Activity: The actions taken to achieve the objective.
    • Input: Resources needed to achieve the objective.
    • Impact: The predicted benefit from the project.

    Characteristics of Research Designs

    • Detailed explanation of techniques and procedures for data collection and analysis.
    • Description of the target population and location/setting of the study as well as sampling design.
    • Clear description of tools and instruments to be utilized.

    Problem Tree Analysis

    • A visual representation of a problem and its causes.
    • The core problem is in the center.
    • The effects are shown branching outward from the core problem.
    • The causes of the problem, and sub-causes of the causes (root causes).

    Objective Tree Analysis

    • A visual representation of how to achieve a goal that helps establish an objective through outputs that result from doing activities.
    • Displays the goal, objective, output and activities needed.

    Phase 2: Design & Planning Phase

    • This phase is about choosing research designs.

    Exploratory, Descriptive, and Explanatory Studies

    • Exploratory: Conducted when little is known about a topic.
    • Descriptive: Describes phenomena or relationships between variables.
    • Explanatory: Seeks to establish causal relationships.

    Research Design

    • A thorough plan, a blueprint, guiding the conduct of the study.
    • Created by the researcher.
    • Includes specified elements and procedures used in the study.

    Characteristics of Research Designs

    • Detailed explanation of data collection methods.
    • Description of the target population/sample selection method.
    • Clear description of instruments and data analysis.

    Criteria for Choice of Research Design

    • Logically sound.
    • Comprehension to solve the problem,
    • Clear and precise.
    • Clearly spelled out.
    • Free from flaws.

    Major Components

    • Sample and selection methods.
    • Types of data to be collected and instruments for data collection.
    • Strategies for controlling extraneous factors (variables that influence results).
    • Description of tools and statistical treatment of data.
    • Research setting.

    Purpose of Research Design

    • To ensure there is maximum control over extraneous variables to maintain validity in results.

    Sources of Research Design-SIPAS

    • Spark of inspiration
    • Intellectual curiosity
    • Analysis of needs
    • Systemic search for a problem
    • Prescription

    Symbolic Presentation of Research Design

    • Research designs are more understandable in a symbolic form.
    • The symbols used depict (represent) designs, based on Campbell and Stanley notation.

    General

    • R: Random assignment of subjects to groups.
    • O: Observation or measurement of dependent variable (DV).
    • X: Experimental treatment or intervention.
    • Xs and Os on one line mean occurrence of variable to a specific group from left to right.
    • Subscripts numbers indicate the order/sequence of intervention or observation.
    • Random assignment is a method for equally distributing subjects across groups.

    Major Categories of Research Designs

    • Experimental
    • Non-experimental

    Non-Experimental/Observational Research Designs

    • Basic
    • Applied or action research
    • Examples: Historical design, descriptive designs

    A. Retrospective Design

    • Data collection focuses on the past.
    • This method is also used for "ex pacto" studies.
    • Researchers use flashback techniques, collecting data after the event of interest occurred.

    B. Prospective Design

    • Data is collected after the study design is defined, followed over an extended period into the future.

    Correlational Studies/Cross-Sectional Descriptive Design

    • Examines subjects at a specific point in time after study completion to collect information about relevant current events.
    • Well-suited for short-duration studies
    • Unlike longitudinal designs.

    Retrospec-Cross-Sectional-Prospective Designs

    • Diagrams show a description of related research designs. Retrospec, Cross-sectional, and Prospective studies are presented in relation.

    Example:

    • Examples are given illustrating various research topics.

    Types of Descriptive Research Design (Survey Studies)

    • Summarizes the status of phenomena within the natural environment.
    • No manipulation or control of variables.

    Types of Descriptive Research Design

    • 1. Descriptive normative surveys: Collect self- reported data about the incidence of specific variables using questionnaires to understand a population's relation to those specific variables.
    • Example is a survey to determine nurses' and administrators' perceptions about nurse responsibility for patient education.
    • 2. Correlational studies: Describes the nature of interrelationships between phenomena or variables. It doesn’t imply causality. This is also referred to as explanatory research.
    • Example of a research question is the level of correlation between a quantity and another quantity.

    Correlation Coefficient in Research

    • A positive correlation occurs when one variable rises as the other rises.
    • A negative (inverse) correlation occurs when one variable rises while the other falls.
    • Correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
    • Examples in the field illustrate correlational research methods.

    Comparative studies

    • Studies that explore differences in groups based on predetermined (pre-existing )characteristics of the subjects who are in the different groups.

    • This type of study evaluates various levels of pre-existing conditions of subjects in different groups, and aims to measure differences between groups. This type of study can include aspects of both descriptive and experimental variables.

    • Example is the difference in preoperative teaching preparation levels between two specific pre-op groups in which one group has anxiety levels and the other group with lower anxiety levels.

    Methodological Studies or Descriptive Evaluative Surveys

    • Development, testing, and evaluation of methods, procedures, guidelines, and instruments are done.
    • Used to improve programs/procedures in service delivery of health care.
    • Also called Developmental or Evaluative Research.

    Examples of Methodological Studies

    • Examples given in the slides relate to training programs for new nurses to determine the clinical proficiency level of new nurses. It includes analysis of feedback mechanisms for teaching performance, development of community health programs in a specific region.

    Problem Solving

    • Investigative methodology to find solutions to problems.
    • Examples include determining the amount of nursing care/support needed for a specific patient; the need for vital sign measurements during delivery; how patient satisfaction or dissatisfaction is achieved/avoided when interacting with nurses.

    Decision-Making

    • Choosing best course of action from multiple alternatives.
    • Useful for policymaking and improving the image of nursing.
    • Examples would be: should nurse salaries be increased? Is a 12-hour shift more effective than an 8-hour one for handling staffing issues?

    Case Study

    • In-depth examination of a single case (or select number) of interconnected cases.
    • This is a method for interpreting behaviour of individual cases in relation to events or phenomena within a specific discipline/environment.
    • Example of a case study is the study of a patient with an oxygenation problem.

    Content Analysis

    • Process of synthesizing and dissecting information and messages from documents.
    • Example in slides is the examination of specific provisions in the Philippine Nursing Law (RA 9173 of 2002) regarding nursing education.

    Feasibility Study

    • Determining the viability of an undertaking, venture, or infrastructure project.
    • Example given is a study on nursing entrepreneurship in the Philippines.

    A. Experimental

    • Research design focused on cause-and-effect relationships in a controlled setting.

    Experimental Research Designs

    • True experimental, Quasi-experimental & Pre-experimental are included

    1. True Experimental Research Designs

    • Researchers have maximum control over the research setting.
    • Minimizes threats to internal validity.

    3 Criteria for a True Experimental Design

    • Manipulation: Introduction of treatment/intervention.
    • Control: Control group does not receive intervention.
    • Randomization: Subjects are randomly placed in groups.
    • Validity: Data gathering is valid.

    Control Group

    • Not subjected to experimental treatment.
    • Performance is used to gauge performance from a treatment/intervention group.

    Example:

    • Example in slides relates to the use and non-use of external flushing in postpartum mothers to understand the extent of postpartum infections.

    Internal Validity

    • Measures the accuracy of attributing observed changes in a dependent variable to an independent variable.
    • Errors in identifying the right independent variables (IVs) result in selection bias, an error in judging the causality between the IV and the DV.
    • Various threats to internal validity are explained in examples.

    History

    • Events outside the study (but during the study) that influence the dependent variable.

    Maturation

    • Natural changes in subjects during the study that influence the dependent variable.

    Testing

    • The pre-test influences responses to the post-test (repeated testing).

    Instrumentation Change

    • Changes in the measuring instrument (or rating system) that influence the results rather than the experimental treatment.

    Mortality

    • Subjects' dropout rates differ across treatment groups, affecting study results.

    B. External Validity

    • Degree to which study results can be generalized to other settings and populations.
    • Examples of threats to external validity were given in the presentation.

    The Hawthorne Effect

    • Subjects' behavior is influenced by the awareness of being observed.

    The Experimenter Effect

    • The experimenter's behavior unintentionally influences the results (e.g., facial expressions, gender, etc.).

    The Reactive Effect of the Pretest

    • Subjects altered their behaviour as a result of taking the pretest.

    The Halo Effect

    • Researchers rating is influenced by previous impressions of the subject

    How to Minimize External Validity

    • Using double-blind methods to remove researcher bias and double-blind method to determine if researcher bias impacts subjects' reaction to intervention.

    3 Types of True Experimental

    • Basic Experiment: Data collected before and after experimental manipulation (pre-test-post-test control group design), which allows for evaluation of changes.
    • Posttest-Only Control Group Design: Collecting data only once after the introduction of treatment, used to check impact of interventions/treatments.
    • Solomon Four-Group Design: Provides a comparison between groups based on having or not having pre-tests along with/without treatment.

    Examples:

    • Examples provided in slides show application of the various experimental designs in studies related to the effectiveness of certain treatments/interventions.

    C. Factorial Design

    • Simultaneously manipulates two or more independent variables; testing multiple hypotheses in a single experiment.
    • Allows researchers to assess effects of variables independently and their interactions.

    Examples:

    • Examples in slides are an experimental design to understand male and female performance and pain relief using various drug dosages.

    D. Randomized Block Design

    • Two independent variables, where one is NOT an experimental variable; a blocking variable that permits controlling for heterogeneous subjects. This increases the accuracy of the study results.
    • It may involve a confounding variable that affects study results. Thus, random allocation to test groups would control for confounding variables.

    E. Cross-Over Design

    • Subjects are randomly assigned to different treatments, making it a within-subject design type.
    • Subjects are given a sequence of treatments/conditions, with results analyzed to observe the effects of each condition on subjects.

    Examples:

    • Examples include treatment of premature and full-term newborns with touch and/or music therapy. Results are analyzed to see how each group responds to these treatments - whether there are changes after the various treatments are given, and if there are interactions between these treatments/conditions.

    Qualitative Research Designs

    • Qualitative research is described.
    • Types, features and methodologies are described.

    Qualitative Research, Broadly Defined

    • Any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at through statistical procedures or quantification.
    • Field research/disciplinary enquiry to understand the personal meanings and experiences of subjects within their social context.
    • The researcher gains in-depth understanding of how participants perceive and experience things and the attempt is to understand several, not just a single reality.

    Steps in Quantitative Research

    • The process of quantitative research involves various steps, some that are viewed in a traditional scientific problem-solving method (6 steps), but the true process is comprised of as many as 18 steps, that are then divided into 5 phases.

    Scientific Problem-Solving Method/Nursing Process

    • Shows similarities and differences between scientific problem-solving method and nursing process.
    • Illustrates these methods in terms of processes and descriptions.

    Steps in Qualitative Research

    • These steps involve 1. Identifying the problem; 2. Determining the purpose of study; 3. Literature review; 4. Theoretical/conceptual framework development; 5. Defining study assumptions; 6 and so on, including defining variables, methods, sample selection, data collection, organizing, analyzing, and communicating findings.

    Qualitative validity criteria

    • Examples in the slides illustrate several criteria.
    • Primary criteria include credibility, authenticity, criticality and integrity. Examples in the presentation also cover secondary criteria including; explicitness, vividness, thoroughness, congruence and sensitivity.

    Analysis of Qualitative Data

    • Analysis of data from qualitative research.
    • Qualitative data, being complex narratives, is analyzed to identify critical concepts, and for identifying patterns in behaviour that help develop insight and perspectives.

    Using Qualitative Research in Clinical Practice

    • Examples of using qualitative research in clinical practice: explaining findings from quantitative research, learning more about patient/family experiences with health challenges, monitoring treatment impact (e.g. quality-of-life), understanding access and service delivery issues and organizational behaviour.
    • Other aspects (question marks) can be used to learn more about qualitative research in clinical practice.

    Important Characteristics of Qualitative Research

    • Qualitative research characteristics, such as identifying the disruption in the natural context of the phenomena; the participation of the researcher; inductive approach; reporting style; emphasis on multiple realities; commitment to participant perspectives; how the design emerges; ongoing analysis (during field work); how data decisions evolve; and the integration of different data sources.

    6 Types of Qualitative Research(Polit and Beck, 2004)

    • 6 types/variations illustrated in slides, each with specific focus and methodology: phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study, and narrative analysis.

    Historical Research: Past Focus

    • Historical research describes and analyzes past events.
    • It reveals how past events and data help provide a perspective on the present and future.
    • Historical research method steps are identified, including external and internal criticism.

    Examples of Historical Research

    • Examples given are: Florence Nightingale's role and impact in the 19th century; changes in nursing during that century; and significant historical figures and their impact in current practice.

    Sources of Data

    • Historical sources of data include documents, relics/artefacts, and oral reports.

    Classification of Sources

    • Primary sources provide firsthand information; secondary sources are secondhand or other accounts that can be viewed as thirdhand/forthhand accounts.

    Forms of Historical Research

    • Provides context/meaning in relation to social customs/habits/cultural behaviours of people; study of contributions by individuals and groups; and accounts of historical ideas or methods of thinking.

    Levels of Analyzing Documents

    • External criticism: Establishes the authenticity of a document or source; assesses the legitimacy of the author/source of account.
    • Internal criticism: Determines the reliability and credibility of the account or testimony, or sources. It looks at the account as close to what actually happened, analyzing sources for their accuracy.

    2. Ethnographic Research: Focusing on Culture

    • This is a descriptive study of culture - characteristics, behaviour. and ideas - through in-depth study using methods like participant observation.
    • Examples of ethnographic studies given are studies about cultural practices surrounding lifestyle, health habits. beliefs and traditions of people, including example(s) of particular cultural/ethnic groups.

    Varieties of Ethnography

    • This includes detailed analysis of the ethnographic approach comparing traditional versus contemporary; cognitive and language-based approaches; critical ethnography; other variations (e.g. autoethnography, institutional ethnography, interpretive ethnography).

    Conduct: STEPS

    • Fieldwork, immersion in the culture of study, data collection (observation/interview), simultaneous data collection and analysis, and theory development.

    Ethnolinguistic Method

    • A mix of ethnographic and linguistic techniques, examining an ethnic group's culture.
    • Analysis of communication strategies through the lens of linguistics.

    3. Phenomenological Research: Lived Experiences

    • Focuses specifically on in-depth study of subjective experiences of people.
    • Examples/topics include experiences of sexually or physically abused children, children from broken families or who are being raised by overseas workers/parents, and a patient's experience with chronic pain.

    Phenomenological - Conduct: STEPS

    • Bracketing preconceived ideas and holding them in abeyance.
    • Opening to meanings attributed to the phenomenon.
    • Analysis and categorization of statements.
    • Descriptive analysis of the phenomenon.
    • Examples include the lived body in dementia (by Phinney and Chesla 2003).

    4. Grounded Theory Research

    • Focuses on the development and evolution of a social experience.
    • Example in slides is about caring for women with high-risk pregnancies. It highlights the relationship of care in which nurses and the clients act as partners in negotiation, reciprocal care and empowerment.

    Methodology: Grounded Theory

    • Formulation- observation. Testing- purposeful sampling, and re-development of proposition until a theory evolves.
    • Data generation (using open, axial and selective coding ) and data analysis are presented in relation to core concepts presented in this grounded theory.

    5. Case Studies

    • Detailed study of a case (or a set of interconnected cases).

    6. Field Studies

    • Involves immersion in the setting/environment being studied.

    7. Bibliographies

    • Resources used for researching and reporting.

    Quantitative Research Designs

    • Describes quantitative research, traditional scientific problem-solving approach and the 6 steps that comprise it. The presentation also highlights the broader 18-step process divided into 5 phases, along with the associated methodologies, steps and examples of quantitative research designs.

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    NRSGRC1 Nursing Research Design PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on research design concepts with this quiz. Cover topics including quasi-experimental studies, blocking variables, and different experimental designs. Answer questions that challenge your understanding of core research methodologies.

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