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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes true experiments from quasi-experiments?
What distinguishes true experiments from quasi-experiments?
What type of research involves comparing two or more groups based on a past event?
What type of research involves comparing two or more groups based on a past event?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of applied behavioral analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of applied behavioral analysis?
What is the primary focus of survey research?
What is the primary focus of survey research?
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In correlational design, what does the researcher primarily aim to determine?
In correlational design, what does the researcher primarily aim to determine?
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What is a key feature of complex experiments in recent quantitative strategies?
What is a key feature of complex experiments in recent quantitative strategies?
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What is the main method of data collection in survey research?
What is the main method of data collection in survey research?
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What does experimental research aim to assess?
What does experimental research aim to assess?
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What are the four key terms that represent a perspective about research?
What are the four key terms that represent a perspective about research?
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Which of the following best describes philosophical assumptions in research?
Which of the following best describes philosophical assumptions in research?
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What does the term 'research approach' refer to?
What does the term 'research approach' refer to?
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How are research designs defined in this context?
How are research designs defined in this context?
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Which of the following are considered broad research methodologies?
Which of the following are considered broad research methodologies?
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What are the primary focuses of Part I in the book?
What are the primary focuses of Part I in the book?
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What role do a researcher's personal experiences play in selecting a research approach?
What role do a researcher's personal experiences play in selecting a research approach?
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Which major research methodologies are mentioned for selection?
Which major research methodologies are mentioned for selection?
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What is an essential aspect researchers should incorporate into their studies according to the book?
What is an essential aspect researchers should incorporate into their studies according to the book?
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In the context of research, what are research methods used for?
In the context of research, what are research methods used for?
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What philosophical aspects must researchers evaluate when selecting their approach?
What philosophical aspects must researchers evaluate when selecting their approach?
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What is meant by the term 'mixed methods' in research?
What is meant by the term 'mixed methods' in research?
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In what manner should researchers approach the decisions outlined in the book?
In what manner should researchers approach the decisions outlined in the book?
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What role does theory play in a research study according to the content?
What role does theory play in a research study according to the content?
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Which component is NOT directly related to the process of selecting a research approach?
Which component is NOT directly related to the process of selecting a research approach?
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What is a common characteristic of qualitative research methods?
What is a common characteristic of qualitative research methods?
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What is the nature of reality referred to in the study of research paradigms?
What is the nature of reality referred to in the study of research paradigms?
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Which research paradigm is characterized by the accumulation of knowledge through conjecture rather than absolute certainty?
Which research paradigm is characterized by the accumulation of knowledge through conjecture rather than absolute certainty?
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What does the transformative research approach primarily focus on?
What does the transformative research approach primarily focus on?
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Which paradigm is described as an umbrella term linking various research methods?
Which paradigm is described as an umbrella term linking various research methods?
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What is the main distinction between qualitative and quantitative research according to the discussed approaches?
What is the main distinction between qualitative and quantitative research according to the discussed approaches?
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What aspect does the participatory paradigm emphasize that was not included in earlier editions?
What aspect does the participatory paradigm emphasize that was not included in earlier editions?
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Where does mixed methods research position itself on the continuum of research approaches?
Where does mixed methods research position itself on the continuum of research approaches?
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What is a primary focus of Mertens' work on the transformative paradigm?
What is a primary focus of Mertens' work on the transformative paradigm?
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What characterizes the data collection process in qualitative research?
What characterizes the data collection process in qualitative research?
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How do postpositivist researchers differentiate their knowledge claims?
How do postpositivist researchers differentiate their knowledge claims?
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What type of analysis is typically employed in qualitative research?
What type of analysis is typically employed in qualitative research?
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How did the historical context influence qualitative research in the 20th century?
How did the historical context influence qualitative research in the 20th century?
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Which philosophical approach is typically less expressed in studies related to quantitative research?
Which philosophical approach is typically less expressed in studies related to quantitative research?
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What is a key philosophical assumption underlying qualitative research?
What is a key philosophical assumption underlying qualitative research?
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What is one of the final characteristics of qualitative research reports?
What is one of the final characteristics of qualitative research reports?
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Which research strategy is primarily associated with quantitative methods?
Which research strategy is primarily associated with quantitative methods?
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What is the primary focus of a researcher using a quantitative approach?
What is the primary focus of a researcher using a quantitative approach?
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Which methodology typically involves using open-ended questions?
Which methodology typically involves using open-ended questions?
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In a quantitative research design, what is typically verified through hypothesis testing?
In a quantitative research design, what is typically verified through hypothesis testing?
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What is a characteristic of mixed methods research?
What is a characteristic of mixed methods research?
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Which of the following is a common design employed in qualitative research?
Which of the following is a common design employed in qualitative research?
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How does a researcher using a postpositivist worldview typically collect data?
How does a researcher using a postpositivist worldview typically collect data?
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What role do hypotheses play in a quantitative research design?
What role do hypotheses play in a quantitative research design?
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Which practice is NOT typically associated with qualitative research?
Which practice is NOT typically associated with qualitative research?
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What is the significance of integrating data at different stages in mixed methods research?
What is the significance of integrating data at different stages in mixed methods research?
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Which method focuses on contextual factors and participant settings?
Which method focuses on contextual factors and participant settings?
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Study Notes
Research Approaches
- Research approaches (methodologies) are procedures for research, covering assumptions, methods of data collection/analysis, and interpretation.
- The order of these decisions isn't fixed.
- Key considerations include: philosophical assumptions, research designs, and specific research methods.
- Selection also depends on the research problem, researcher experiences, and audience.
- Four key terms encompass research flow: philosophical assumptions, research approaches, designs, and methods.
Key Research Terms
- Philosophical Assumptions: Underlying beliefs and values influencing research approach. These develop from training, prior experiences, and cultural background.
- Research Approach/Methodology: Different types of research (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods).
- Research Design: Ways of conducting research within a broad methodology, subdivided into different types. Each has specific procedures.
- Research Methods: Data collection, analysis, and interpretation within a given design.
Three Research Methodologies
- Qualitative: Exploring and understanding meaning individuals ascribe to a social problem. Involves emerging questions & procedures, data collected in the participant's setting, inductive analysis, and researcher interpretation. Reports are flexible.
- Quantitative: Describing population trends (e.g., attitudes, opinions) using samples. Often employs surveys and experiments (true, quasi-experimental, single-subject).
- Mixed Methods: Incorporates elements of both qualitative and quantitative. Resides on a continuum between the two.
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
- Differences are often framed as words vs. numbers or closed vs. open-ended questions.
- A more comprehensive view examines philosophical assumptions, types of strategies, and specific methods used.
- Quantitative methods dominated social sciences from the late 19th to mid-20th century. Qualitative and mixed-methods research gained prominence later.
Quantitative Research Designs
- Surveys: Describe trends, attitudes, or opinions in a population by studying a sample. Often use questionnaires or structured interviews to generalize from sample to population.
- Experiments (True & Quasi): Determine if a specific treatment influences an outcome. Involve random assignment of subjects or nonrandomized assignments (quasi-experiments).
- Causal-comparative: Comparing two or more groups in terms of a pre-existing cause.
- Correlational: Measuring the degree or association between variables.
- Complex designs: Include longitudinal data, factorial designs, repeated measures designs, and structural equation models.
Philosophical Inquiry Paradigms
- Positivism, Postpositivism, Critical Theory, Constructivism, Participatory: Five alternative inquiry paradigms. Each defined by ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (how we know), and methodology.
- Participatory paradigm is added, extending earlier analyses.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in research approaches, including philosophical assumptions, research designs, and methods of data collection and analysis. Understanding these elements is crucial for conducting effective research tailored to specific problems and audiences.
